LPC-to-MELP transcoder

ABSTRACT

A method for transcoding a bit stream encoded according to a linear predictive coding (LPC) standard to a bit stream encoded according to a mixed-excitation linear prediction (MELP) standard, including: decoding a bit stream into a first set of vocoder parameters compatible with the LPC standard; transforming the first set of vocoder parameters into a second set of vocoder parameters compatible with the MELP standard without converting the first set of vocoder parameters to an analog or digital waveform representation; and encoding the second set of vocoder parameters into a bit stream compatible with the MELP vocoder standard.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to speech coders and speech codingmethods. More specifically, the present invention relates to a systemand method for transcoding a bit stream encoded by a first speech codingformat into a bit stream encoded by a second speech coding format.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The term speech coding refers to the process of compressing anddecompressing human speech. Likewise, a speech coder is an apparatus forcompressing (also referred to herein as coding) and decompressing (alsoreferred to herein as decoding) human speech. Storage and transmissionof human speech by digital techniques has become widespread. Generally,digital storage and transmission of speech signals is accomplished bygenerating a digital representation of the speech signal and thenstoring the representation in memory, or transmitting the representationto a receiving device for synthesis of the original speech.

Digital compression techniques are commonly employed to yield compactdigital representations of the original signals. Information representedin compressed digital form is more efficiently transmitted and storedand is easier to process. Consequently, modern communicationtechnologies such as mobile satellite telephony, digital cellulartelephony, land-mobile telephony, Internet telephony, speech mailboxes,and landline telephony make extensive use of digital speech compressiontechniques to transmit speech information under circumstances of limitedbandwidth.

A variety of speech coding techniques exist for compressing anddecompressing speech signals for efficient digital storage andtransmission. It is the aim of each of these techniques to providemaximum economy in storage and transmission while preserving as much ofthe perceptual quality of the speech as is desirable for a givenapplication.

Compression is typically accomplished by extracting parameters ofsuccessive sample sets, also referred to herein as “frames”, of theoriginal speech waveform and representing the extracted parameters as adigital signal. The digital signal may then be transmitted, stored orotherwise provided to a device capable of utilizing it. Decompression istypically accomplished by decoding the transmitted or stored digitalsignal. In decoding the signal, the encoded versions of extractedparameters for each frame are utilized to reconstruct an approximationof the original speech waveform that preserves as much of the perceptualquality of the original speech as possible.

Coders which perform compression and decompression functions byextracting parameters of the original speech are generally referred toas parametric coders or vocoders. Instead of transmitting efficientlyencoded samples of the original speech waveform itself, parametriccoders map speech signals onto a mathematical model of the human vocaltract. The excitation of the vocal tract may be modeled as either aperiodic pulse train (for voiced speech), or a white random numbersequence (for unvoiced speech). The term “voiced” speech refers tospeech sounds generally produced by vibration or oscillation of thehuman vocal cords. The term “unvoiced” speech refers to speech soundsgenerated by forming a constriction at some point in the vocal tract,typically near the end of the vocal tract at the mouth, and forcing airthrough the constriction at a sufficient velocity to produce turbulence.Speech coders which employ parametric algorithms to map and model

There are several types of vocoders on the market and in common usage,each having its own set of algorithms associated with the vocoderstandard. Three of these vocoder standards are:

-   -   1. LPC-10 (Linear Prediction Coding): a Federal Standard, having        a transmission rate of 2400 bits/sec. LPC-10 is described, e.g.,        in T. Tremain, “The Government Standard Linear Prediction Coding        Algorithm: LPC-10,” Speech Technology Magazine, pp. 40-49, April        1982).    -   2. MELP (Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction): another Federal        Standard, also having a transmission rate of 2400 bits/sec. A        description of MELP can be found in A. McCree, K Truong, E.        George, T. Barnwell, and V. Viswanathan, “A 2.4 kb/sec MELP        Coder Candidate for the new U.S. Federal Standard,” Proc. IEEE        Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp.        200-203, 1996.    -   3. TDVC (Time Domain Voicing Cutoff): A high quality, ultra low        rate speech coding algorithm developed by General Electric and        Lockheed Martin having a transmission rate of 1750 bits/sec.        TDVC is described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 6,138,092;        6,119,082; 6,098,036; 6,094,629; 6,081,777; 6,081,776;        6,078,880; 6,073,093; 6,067,511. TDVC is also described in R.        Zinser, M. Grabb, S. Koch and G. Brooksby, “Time Domain Voicing        Cutoff (TDVC): A High Quality, Low Complexity 1.3-2.0 kb/sec        Vocoder,” Proc. IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding for        Telecommunications, pp. 25-26, 1997.

When different units of a communication system use different vocoderalgorithms, transcoders are needed (both ways, A-to-B and B-to-A) tocommunicate between and amongst the units. For example, a communicationunit employing LPC-10 speech coding can not communicate with acommunication unit employing TDVC speech coding unless there is anLPC-to-TDVC transcoder to translate between the two speech codingstandards. Many commercial and military communication systems in usetoday must support multiple coding standards. In many cases, thevocoders are incompatible with each other.

Two conventional solutions that have been implemented to interconnectcommunication units employing different speech coding algorithms consistof the following:

-   -   1) Make all new terminals support all existing algorithms. This        “lowest common denominator” approach means that newer terminals        cannot take advantage of improved voice quality offered by the        advanced features of the newer speech coding algorithms such as        TDVC and MELP when communicating with older equipment which uses        an older speech coding algorithm such as LPC.    -   2) Completely decode the incoming bits to analog or digital        speech samples from the first speech coding standard, and then        reencode the analog speech samples using the second speech        coding standard. This process is known a tandem connection. The        problem with a tandem connection is that it requires significant        computing resources and usually results in a significant loss of        both subjective and objective speech quality. A tandem        connection is illustrated in FIG. 1. Vocoder decoder 102 and D/A        104 decodes an incoming bit stream representing parametric data        of a first speech coding algorithm into an analog speech sample.        A/D 106 and vocoder encoder 108 reencodes the analog speech        sample into parametric data encoded by a second speech coding        algorithm.

What is needed is a system and method for transcoding compressed speechfrom a first coding standard to a second coding standard which 1)retains a high degree of speech quality in the transcoding process, 2)takes advantage of the improved voice quality features provided by newercoding standards, and 3) minimizes the use of computing resources. Theminimization of computing resources is especially important forspace-based transcoders (such as for use in satellite applications) inorder to keep power consumption as low as possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The system and method of the present invention comprises a compresseddomain universal transcoder architecture that greatly improves thetranscoding process. The compressed domain transcoder directly convertsthe speech coder parametric information in the compressed domain withoutconverting the parametric information to a speech waveformrepresentation during the conversion. The parametric model parametersare decoded, transformed, and then re-encoded in the new format. Theprocess requires significantly less computing resources than a tandemconnection. In some cases, the CPU time and memory savings can exceed anorder of magnitude.

The method more generally comprises transcoding a bit streamrepresenting frames of data encoded according to a first compressionstandard to a bit stream representing frames of data according to asecond compression standard. The bit stream is decoded into a first setof parameters compatible with a first compression standard. Next, thefirst set of parameters are transformed into a second set of parameterscompatible with a second compression standard without converting thefirst set of parameters to an analog or digital waveform representation.Lastly, the second set of parameters are encoded into a bit streamcompatible with the second compression standard.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram illustrating a conventional tandemconnection.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram illustrating the general architecture ofthe compressed domain universal transcoder of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram illustrating an LPC-to-MELP transcodingprocess.

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram illustrating a MELP-to-LPC transcodingprocess.

FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram illustrating a LPC-to-TDVC transcodingprocess.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram illustrating a MELP-to-TDVC transcodingprocess.

FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram illustrating a TDVC-to-LPC transcodingprocess.

FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram illustrating a TDVC-to-MELP transcodingprocess.

FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram illustrating a Compressed DomainConference Bridge.

FIG. 10 depicts a dual synthesizer state diagram.

FIG. 11 depicts a Compressed Domain Voice Activation Detector (CDVAD).

FIG. 12A depicts a block diagram illustrating a multi-frame encoding anddecoding, process.

FIG. 12B depicts 5-bit and 4-bit quantizer tables used for multi-framegain encoding and decoding.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

1. Compressed Domain Universal Transcoder

The transcoding technology of the present invention greatly improves thetranscoding process. The transcoder directly converts the speech coderparametric information in the compressed domain without converting theparametric information to an analog speech signal during the conversion.The parametric model parameters are decoded, transformed, and thenre-encoded in the new format. The process requires significantly lesscomputing resources than the tandem connection illustrated in FIG. 1. Insome cases, the CPU time and memory savings can exceed an order ofmagnitude.

In general terms, the transcoder of the present invention performs thefollowing steps: 1) decode the incoming bit stream into the vocoderparameters, 2) transform the vocoder parameters into a new set ofparameters for the target output vocoder, and 3) encode the transformedparameters into a bit stream compatible with the target output coder.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the general transcoding process200 of the present invention. The process 200 shown in FIG. 2 is thegeneral conversion process that is used to convert an incoming bitstream encoded with a first coding standard to an output bit streamencoded with a second coding standard. For example, an incoming bitstream encoded with the LPC coding standard could be converted to theMELP coding standard, or an incoming bit stream encoded in MELP codingstandard could be converted to the TDVC coding standard. The processshown in FIG. 2 illustrates the general process of the present inventionthat applies to all of the possible conversions (e.g. LPC to MELP, LPCto TDVC, MELP to LPC, etc). Each of the six individual transcoderconversions between LPC, MELP, and TDVC will later be describedindividually in more detail below with respect to sections 2-7 below andFIGS. 3-8.

As shown in FIG. 2, an incoming bit stream is received by demultiplexingand FEC (forward error correction decoding) step 201. The incoming bitstream represents frames containing parameters of a first codingstandard such as LPC-10, MELP, or TDVC. This first coding standard willalso be referred to as the “input coding standard.” In step 201, forwarderror correction decoding is performed on the incoming data frames, andthe copies of each frame are distributed to steps 202, 204, 206, and208, respectively. FEC adds redundant bits to a block of information toprotect from errors.

There are four basic types of parameters used in low rate vocoders: 1)gross spectrum, 2) pitch, 3) RMS power (or gain), and 4) voicing. Withinthese four categories of parameter types, each coding standard employsdifferent numbers and kinds of parameters. For example, LPC-10 employsone voicing parameter comprised of only a single voicing bit perhalf-frame of data, whereas MELP employs a total of seven voicingparameters per frame (five voicing parameters representing bandpassvoicing strengths, one overall voiced/unvoiced flag, and one voicingparameter called the “jitter flag”) in an effort to enhance speechquality.

In steps 202, the spectral parameters of the first coding standard aredecoded from the incoming data frames. In step 204, the voicingparameters of the first coding standard are decoded from the incomingdata frames. In step 206, the pitch parameters of the first codingstandard are decoded from the incoming data frames. In step 208, thegain parameters of the first coding standard are decoded from theincoming data frames.

In step 210, 212, 214, and 216, the decoded parameters of the inputcoding standard are converted to spectrum, voicing, pitch and gainparameters, respectively, of the output coding standard. Each type ofconversion is described in detail in the sections below for eachspecific type of transcoder conversion. Note that the conversion frominput coding standard parameters to output coding standard parameters isnot always a simple one to one conversion of parameters. For example,the output voicing parameters could be a function of both the inputvoicing parameters and the input spectrum parameters (this is true, forexample, for the MELP to LPC transcoding conversion, described below).Other operations are also used in the conversion process to improve theoutput sound quality such as interpolation operations, smoothingoperations, and formant enhancement described further in sections 2-7below.

The parameters produced by the conversion steps 210, 212, 214, and 216will be either floating point numbers or fixed point numbers, dependingon the particular output coding standard. For example, the MELP and TDVCstandards use floating point numbers, whereas the LPC-10 standard usesfixed point numbers.

Encoding steps 218, 220, 222, and 224 encode and quantize the outputspectrum, voicing, pitch and gain parameters, respectively, using thestandard quantization/encoding algorithms of the output coding standard.Lastly, in step 226, the output parameters are combined into frames,forward error correction encoding is performed, and the output bitstream representing frames of the output coding standard aretransmitted.

Each of the following individual transcoding processes will now bedescribed in detail.

-   -   1. LPC to MELP Transcoder    -   2. LPC to TDVC Transcoder    -   3. MELP to LPC Transcoder    -   4. MELP to TDVC Transcoder    -   5. TDVC to LPC Transcoder    -   6. TDVC to MELP Transcoder

The general transcoding method illustrated in FIG. 2 and the conversiontechniques described below can also be applied to create trancoders forconversion between other coding standards besides LPC, MELP, and TDVCthat are currently in usage or being developed.

2. LPC-to-MELP Transcoder

FIG. 3 illustrates a transcoding method 300 for converting a bit streamrepresenting frames encoded with the LPC-10 coding standard to a bitstream representing frames encoded with the MELP coding standard. Instep 302, an incoming bit stream is received. The incoming bit streamrepresents LPC-10 frames containing LPC-10 parameters. Forward errorcorrection (FEC) decoding is performed on the incoming bit stream. Theincoming bit stream is also decoded by extracting LPC-10 spectrum,pitch, voicing, and gain parameters from the incoming bit stream. Theparameters are then distributed to spectrum conversion step 304, voicingconversion step 312, pitch conversion step 316 and gain conversion step322. Each of these conversion processes will now be described in detail.

a. Spectrum Conversion

The LPC-10 spectrum parameters are referred to as “reflectioncoefficients” (RCs) whereas the MELP spectrum parameters are referred toas “line spectrum frequencies” (LSFs). The conversion of RCs to LSFs isperformed in steps 304, 306, 3108, and 310, and will now be described indetail.

In step 304, the LPC-10 reflection coefficients (RC) are first convertedto their equivalent normalized autocorrelation coefficients (R). TheLPC-10 reflection coefficients (RC) are also converted to theirequivalent predictor filter coefficients (A); the predictor filtercoefficients (A) are saved for later use in formant enhancement step308. Both of these conversions (RC→R, RC→A) are performed by using wellknown transformations. In order to avoid truncation effects insubsequent steps, the autocorrelation conversion (RC→R) recursion iscarried out to 50 lags (setting RCs above order 10 to zero). Theresulting values for the autocorrelation coefficients (R) are storedsymmetrically in a first array.

In step 306, the “preemphasis” is removed from the LPC-10autocorrelation (R) coefficients. To explain why this is performed,first an explanation of preemphasis is provided as follows. Whenencoding speech according to the LPC speech coding algorithm standard,an operation known as “preemphasis” is performed on the sampled speechsignal prior to spectral analysis. Preemphasis is performed by applyinga first order FIR filter prior to spectral analysis. This reemphasisoperation attenuates the bass frequencies and boosts the treblefrequencies. The purpose of preemphasis is to aid in the computationsassociated with a fixed point processor; preemphasis makes it lesslikely for the fixed point processor to get an instability from anunderflow or an overflow condition.

Newer speech coding algorithms such as MELP and TDVC do not performpreemphasis because they were designed for modern signal processinghardware that has wider data paths. Therefore, a MELP synthesizerexpects spectral coefficients that were produced directly from thesampled speech signal without preemphasis.

Because LPC uses preemphasis, while MELP does not, in step 306 thepreemphasis effects are removed from the LPC-10 spectral coefficients.Preemphasis removal is performed as follows. The symmetricalautocorrelation coefficients (HH) of a deemphasis filter are calculatedbeforehand and stored in a second array matching the format of the firstarray of autocorrelation coefficients (R) created in step 304. Thedeemphasis filter is a single pole IIR filter and is generally theinverse of the preemphasis filter used by LPC-10, but differentpreemphasis and deemphasis coefficients may be used. The LPC-10 standarduses 0.9375 for preemphasis and 0.75 for deemphasis. Because thedeemphasis filter has IIR characteristics, the autocorrelation functionis carried out to 40 time lags. The autocorrelation values are obtainedby convolving the impulse response of the filter.

A modified set of spectral autocorrelation coefficients is calculatedvia convolving the R values with the HH values as follows:${R^{\prime}(k)} = {\sum\limits_{l}{{R\left( {i + k} \right)}*{{HH}(i)}}}$

The resulting modified autocorrelation coefficients R′ will be referredto herein as “deemphasized” autocorrelation coefficients, meaning thatthe LPC-10 preemphasis effects have been removed. Note that by removingthe preemphasis in the correlation domain (i.e. removing the preemphasisfrom autocorrelation coefficients rather than the reflectioncoefficients or filter coefficients), computational complexity can bereduced.

The deemphasized autocorrelation coefficients R′ are then converted todeemphasized reflection coefficients (RC′) and deemphasized predictorfilter coefficients (A′), using well known conversion formulas. Thestability of the synthesis filter formed by the coefficients is checked;if the filter is unstable, the minimum order stable model is used (e.g.all RC′ coefficients up to the unstable coefficient are used for theconversion to A′ coefficients). The RC and RC′ values are saved for useby the “Compute LPC Gain Ratio” step 320, described further below.

In step 308, formant enhancement is performed. The perceptual qualityproduced by low rate speech coding algorithms can be enhanced byattenuating the output speech signal in areas of low spectral amplitude.This operation is known as formant enhancement. Formant enhancementsharpens up the spectral peaks and depresses the valleys to produce acrisper sound that is more intelligible. Format enhancement isconventionally performed during the process of decoding the bit streaminto an analog speech signal. However, according to the presentinvention, it has been found that formant enhancement can be used to inthe transcoding process 300 to produce a better sounding speech output.

Two methods of formant enhancement are described in detail in sections12 and 13 below. Section 12 describes a method of formant enhancementperformed in the correlation domain. Section 13 describes a secondmethod of formant enhancement performed in the frequency domain. Bothformant enhancement methods utilize both the non-deemphasized filtercoefficients (A) and the deemphasized filter coefficients (A′). Bothmethods of formant enhancement produce good results. Which one ispreferable is a subjective determination made by the listener for theparticular application.

Formant enhancement step 310 outputs “enhanced” deemphasized LPC-10filter coefficients (A″), wherein the term “enhanced” means that formantenhancement has been performed. The transcoding process of the presentinvention illustrated in FIG. 3 could potentially be performed withoutformant enhancement step 308. However, formant enhancement has beenfound to substantially improve the speech quality and understandabilityof the MELP output.

In step 310, the enhanced deemphasized LPC-10 filter coefficients (A″)are converted to MELP line spectrum frequencies (LSFs). This conversionis made by using well known transformations. In step 310, the MELP LSFsare then adaptively smoothed. With modern vocoders like MELP and TDVC,because of the way the quantization error is handled, the voice oftenobtains an undesirable vibrato-like sound if smoothing is not performed.Thus, in step 310, a smoothing function is applied to reduce thisundesirable vibrato effect. The smoothing function is designed to reducesmall fluctuations in the spectrum when there are no largeframe-to-frame spectrum changes. Large fluctuations are allowed to passwith minimum smoothing. The following C-code segment is an example ofsuch a smoother. Note that this segment is only an example, and anyalgorithm having a smoothing effect similar to that described abovecould be used. for (i=0; i<10; i++) {   delta = 10.0*(lsp[i] −oldlsp[i]);   if (delta < 0.0) delta = −delta;   if (delta > 0.5) delta= 0.5;   lsp[i] = lsp[i]*(0.5+delta) + oldlsp[i]*(0.5−delta); }

where lsp[i] are the current frame's LSF coefficients, oldlsp[i] are theprevious frame's LSF coefficients, and delta is a floating pointtemporary variable.

MELP also has the provision for encoding the first 10 harmonicamplitudes for voiced speech. These harmonic amplitudes can either beset to zero or generated as follows. U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,036 to Zinseret al., “Speech Coding System and Method Including Spectral FormantEnhancer,” discloses a spectral formant enhancement algorithm togenerate these harmonic amplitudes. In particular, the process describedin columns 17 and 18 can be used to generate 10 amplitudes (amp(k), k=1. . . 10) from Equation 7 in column 18. Further enhancement may beachieved by utilizing the method described in Grabb, et al., U.S. Pat.No. 6,081,777, “Enhancement of Speech Signals Transmitted Over a VocoderChannel”, and modifying the first three harmonic amplitudes amp(k)according to the values given in FIG. 5 and the accompanying equation.

It was found that generating harmonic amplitudes in this manner produceda superior output quality sound for the TDVC to MELP transcoder(described in section 7, below). However, the improvement for the LPC-10to MELP transcoder was not as significant. Therefore, for the LPC-10 toMELP transcoder, it may be desirable to simply set the MELP harmonicamplitudes to zero, to reduce computational complexity.

After multiplication by a factor of 2 (to match scaling conventions),the smoothed LSFs are encoded according to the MELP quantizationstandard algorithm.

b. Voicing Conversion and Jitter Factor Conversion

In step 312, the LPC-10 voicing parameters are converted into MELPvoicing parameters. This is not a simple one-to-one conversion becauseLPC-10 uses only a single voicing parameter, whereas MELP uses severalvoicing parameters. Thus, a method has been devised according to thepresent invention for assigning MELP parameters based on the LPC-10parameters which produces superior sound quality.

The LPC-10 coding standard uses only a single voicing bit per half-framerepresenting either voiced or unvoiced; i.e., each half-frame is eithervoiced or unvoiced. In order to provide improved sound quality, thenewer MELP coding standard uses seven different voicing parameters: fivebandpass voicing strengths, one overall voiced/unvoiced flag, and onevoicing parameter called the “jitter flag” which is used to break up theperiodicity in the voiced excitation to make the speech sound less buzzyduring critical transition periods.

The conversion process of the present invention uses the expandedvoicing features of the MELP synthesizer to advantage duringtransitional periods such as voicing onset, described as follows. TheLPC voicing bits are converted to MELP voicing parameters according tothree different situations:

-   -   (1) mid-frame onset (the first LPC half-frame is unvoiced and        the second half-frame is voiced).    -   (2) fully voiced (both half-frames are voiced).    -   (3) fully un-voiced mid-frame unvoiced transition (either both        half-frames are unvoiced or the first frame is voiced and the        second half-frame is unvoiced).

The method is illustrated by the piece of C code below. Testing hasfound that this method provides the superior sound performance. Thismethod tends to provide a smoother transition from voiced to unvoicedtransitions. The following C-code segment illustrates the method ofconverting LPC-10 voicing bits to the MELP voicing parameters: /*mid-frame onset */ if ((lpc->voice[0]==0) && (lpc->voice[1]==1)) {   melp->uv_flag = 0;  melp->jitter = 0.25;    for (i=0; i<NUM_BANDS-2;i++)     melp->bpvc[i] = 1.0;    melp->bpvc[NUM_BANDS-2] = 0.0;   melp->bpvc[NUM_BANDS-1] = 0.0; } /* fully voiced */ else if(lpc->voice[0]==1) && (lpc->voice[1]==1)) {    melp->uv_flag = 0;   melp->jitter = 0.0;    for (i=0; i<NUM_BANDS; i++)     melp->bpvc[i]= 1.0; } /* fully unvoiced and mid-frame unvoiced transition */ else {   melp->uv_flag = 1;    melp->jitter = 0.25;    for (i=0; i<NUM_BANDS;i++)     melp->bpvc[i] = 0.0; }where lpc->voice[0] and lpc->voice[1] are the half-frame LPC voicingbits (0=unvoiced), melp->uv_flag is the MELP overall unvoiced flag(0=unvoiced), melp->jitter is the MELP jitter flag, and melp->bpvc[i]are the MELP bandpass voicing strengths. Note that for the transitionfrom unvoiced to voiced, the top two MELP voicing bands are forced to beunvoiced. This reduces perceptual buzziness in the output speech.

In step 314, the MELP voicing and jitter parameters are encodedaccording to the MELP quantization standard algorithm.

c. Pitch Conversion

In step 316, the LPC-10 pitch parameters are converted to MELP pitchparameters. The LPC-10 coding standard encodes pitch by a linear methodwhereas MELP encodes pitch logarithmically. Therefore, in step 316, thelogarithm is taken of the LPC-10 pitch parameters to convert to the MELPpitch parameters. In step 318, the MELP pitch parameters are encodedusing the MELP quantization standard algorithm.

d. Gain (RMS) Conversion

The conversion from LPC-10 RMS gain parameters to MELP gain parametersbegins in step 322. In step 322, the LPC-10 RMS gain parameters arescaled to account for the preemphasis removal performed on the LPC-10spectral coefficients in step 306. To explain, as mentioned previously,LPC-10 coding adds preemphasis to the sampled speech signal prior tospectral analysis. The preemphasis operation, in addition to attenuatingthe bass and increasing the treble frequencies, also reduces the powerlevel of the input signal. The power level is reduced in a variablefashion depending on the spectrum. Therefore, the effect of removing thepreemphasis in step 306 must be accounted for accordingly whenconverting the gains from LPC to MELP. The preemphasis removal isaccounted for by scaling the gains in step 322.

In step 320, an “LPC gain ratio” is calculated for each new frame ofparametric data. The LPC gain ratio is the ratio of the LPC predictorgains derived from the spectrum before and after preemphasis removal(deemphasis addition) in step 306. If,${{lpcgain}\quad 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{l}\left( {1 - {r\quad{c^{2}(i)}}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain before preemphasis removal and:${{lpcgain}\quad 2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{l}\left( {1 - {{rc}^{\prime 2}(i)}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain after preemphasis removal, thenthe scaling factor (i.e., the LPC Gain Ratio) to be used for the LPC-10gain is ${scale} = \frac{8*{lpcgain}\quad 2}{{lpcgain}\quad 1}$

The factor of 8 is included to accommodate the 13 bit input and outputsample scaling in LPC-10 (MELP utilizes 16 bit input and outputsamples). In step 322, the LPC RMS gain parameter is scaled by the LPCGain Ratio calculated in step 320.

Steps 324 addresses another difficulty in the gain conversion processwhich is that MELP uses two gain parameters per frame, whereas LPC usesonly one gain parameter per frame. MELP employs a first gain parameterfor the first half frame, and a second gain parameter for the secondhalf frame. There thus needs to be a method for assigning the twohalf-frame MELP gains which produce a good quality sounding output.

A simple method of assigning MELP gains would be to simply set both ofthe MELP gains equal to the LPC RMS gain. However, it has been foundthat a better result is obtained if the two MELP gains are generated bytaking a logarithmic average of the LPC RMS gains from frame to frame.This is performed in steps 324 and 326. As illustrated by the C-codesegment below, the first MELP frame gain is assigned to be equal to thelogarithmic average of the old LPC RMS gain from the last frame and thenew LPC RMS gain from the current frame. The second MELP gain is setequal to the LPC RMS gain for the current frame. This method ofassigning MELP gains provides a smooth transition.

The following C-code segment illustrates this method of calculating thegains:melp->gain[0]=pow(10.0, 0.5*log 10(LPCrmsold)+0.5*log 10(LPCrms));melp->gain[1]=LPCrms;

LPCrms and LPCrmsold represent the scaled LPC RMS gains computed in step322. LPCrms is the current frame's gain, while LPCrmsold is the previousframe's scaled gain. melp->gain[0] and melp->gain[1] are the MELP halfframe gains, pow( ) is the C library power function, and log10( ) is theC-library base-10 logarithm function.

In step 326, the logarithmic value of the two MELP gains are provided toencoding step 328. In step 328, the MELP half-frame gains are encodedusing the standard MELP logarithmic quantization algorithm.

In step 330, the encoded MELP spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gainparameters are inserted into MELPs frame and forward error correction(FEC) coding is performed. An output bit stream representing the MELPframes is then transmitted to a desired recipient.

3. MELP to LPC Transcoder

FIG. 4 illustrates a transcoding method 400 for converting a bit streamrepresenting frames encoded with the MELP coding standard to a bitstream representing frames encoded with the LPC-10 coding standard. Instep 402, an incoming bit stream is received. The incoming bit streamrepresents MELP frames containing MELP parameters. In step 402, forwarderror correction (FEC) decoding is performed on the incoming bit stream.The MELP frames are also decoded by extracting the MELP spectrum, pitch,voicing, and gain parameters from the MELP frames. The MELP parametersare then distributed to steps 404, 412, 416 and 420 for conversion toLPC-10 spectrum voicing, pitch and gain parameters, respectively. Eachof these conversion processes will now be described in detail.

a. Spectrum Conversion

In step 404, the MELP LSFs are converted to their equivalent normalizedautocorrelation coefficients R using well known transformations. In step406, preemphasis is added to the autocorrelation coefficients R. Asmentioned previously for the LPC to MELP transcoder (section 2, above),LPC-10 speech encoders add preemphasis to the originally sampled(nominal) speech signal before the LPC-10 spectral analysis and encodingis performed. Thus, transcoder 400 must modify the autocorrelationcoefficients R to produce modified autocorrelation coefficients whichare equivalent to autocorrelation coefficients that would have beenproduced had the original nominal speech signal been preemphasized priorto LPC-10 encoding.

The LPC-10 0.9375 preemphasis coefficient must be superimposed on thespectrum. This is performed in the correlation domain by performing thefollowing operation on the autocorrelation (R) coefficients:R′(i)=R(i)−0.9375[R(|i−1|)+R(i+1)]+0.9375² R(i)where R′(i) are the preemphasized autocorrelation coefficients. Notethat the input set of R(i)s must be computed out to 11 lags to avoidtruncation. The preemphasized autocorrelation coefficients R′ are thentransformed to preemphasized predictor filter coefficients A′ using wellknown transformations. As noted in section 2, above, performing thepreemphasis addition in the correlation domain reduces computationalcomplexity.

In step 408, formant enhancement is performed. The purpose of formantenhancement step 408 is the same as formant enhancement step 308described above for the LPC-10 to MELP transcoder. Two methods offormant enhancement are described in detail in sections 12 and 13 below.Section 12 describes a method of formant enhancement performed in thecorrelation domain. Section 13 describes a second method of formantenhancement performed in the frequency domain. Both formant enhancementmethods utilize both the non-deemphasized filter coefficients (A) andthe deemphasized filter coefficients (A′). Both methods of formantenhancement produce good results. Which one is preferable is asubjective determination made by the listener for the particularapplication. For the MELP to LPC-10 transcoder, the majority oflisteners polled showed a slight preference frequency domain method.

In step 410, the formant enhanced preemphasized filter coefficients A″are converted to LPC-10 reflection coefficients RC″ using well knowntransformations. Also in step 410, the reflection coefficients RC″ areencoded according to the LPC-10 quantizer tables.

b. Voicing Conversion

In step 412, the MELP voicing parameters are converted to LPC voicingparameters. As mentioned previously, the LPC-10 coding standard usesonly a single voicing bit per half-frame, whereas the MELP codingstandard uses seven different voicing parameters: five bandpass voicingstrengths, one overall voiced/unvoiced flag, and one voicing parametercalled the “jitter flag.”

Simply using the MELP overall voicing bit to determine both half frameLPC voicing bits does not provide good performance. The voicingconversion process performed in step 412 achieves better perceptualperformance by assigning values to the LPC voicing bits based on theMELP bandpass voicing strengths, the MELP overall voicing bit, and thefirst reflection coefficient RC′[0] (after preemphasis addition)received from preemphasis addition unit 406. A preferred decisionalgorithm is described by the following C-code segment: lpc->voice[0] =lpc->voice[1] = (melp->uv_flag+1)%2; flag = 0; for (i=0; i<NUM_BANDS;i++)    flag += (int)melp->bpvc[i]; if ((flag <= 4) && (rc′[0] < 0.0))   lpc->voice[0] = lpc->voice[1] = 0;where lpc->voice[ ] are the half-frame LPC voicing bits (1=voiced), flagis an integer temporary variable, melp->uv_flag is the MELP overallunvoiced flag (0=voiced), melp->bpvc[ ] are the bandpass voicingstrengths (0.0 or 1.0, with 1.0=voiced), and rc′[0] is the firstreflection coefficient (computed from the spectrum after preemphasisaddition).

As illustrated by the above code, initially both LPC voicing bits areset to one (voiced) if the MELP overall unvoiced flag equals zero(voiced). Otherwise, the LPC voicing bits are set to one (unvoiced). Toimprove the output sound performance, both LPC voicing bits are set tozero (unvoiced) if the first reflection coefficient RC′[0] is negative,and the total number of MELP bands which are voiced is less than orequal to four. The reason this last improvement is performed is asfollows. The MELP voicing analysis algorithm will occasionally set apartially voiced condition (lower bands voiced, upper bands unvoiced)when the input signal is actually unvoiced. Unvoiced signals typicallyhave a spectrum that is increasing in magnitude with frequency. Thefirst reflection coefficient RC′[0] provides an indication the spectralslope, and when it is negative, the spectral magnitudes are increasingwith frequency. Thus, this value can be used to correct the error.

Note that this type of voicing error is generally not apparent when aMELP speech decoder is used, since the signal power from the unvoicedbands masks the (incorrect) voiced excitation. However, if the error ispropagated into the LPC speech decoder, it results in a perceptuallyannoying artifact.

In step 414, pitch and voice are encoded together using the standardLPC-10 quantization algorithm. According to the LPC standard, pitch andvoicing are encoded together.

c. Pitch Conversion

In step 416, the MELP pitch parameter is converted to an LPC-10 pitchparameter by taking the inverse logarithm of the MELP pitch parameter(since the MELP algorithm encodes pitch logarithmically). In step 418,the resulting LPC-10 pitch parameter is quantized according to theLPC-10 pitch quantization table.

In step 414, pitch and voice are encoded together using the standardLPC-10 quantization algorithm.

d. Gain (RMS) Conversion

As described previously, the MELP algorithm produces two half-framelogarithmically encoded gain (RMS) parameters per frame, whereas LPCproduces a single RMS gain parameter per frame. In step 420, the inverselogarithm of each MELP half-frame gain parameter is taken. In step 424,the two resulting values are scaled to account for preemphasis additionwhich occurred in step 406 (similar to the gain scaling step 320 for theLPC-to-MELP transcoder described above). More specifically, both gainvalues are scaled by the ratio of the LPC predictor gain parametersderived from the spectrum before and after preemphasis addition. ThisLPC gain ratio is calculated in step 422 for each new frame ofparametric data. If${{lpcgain}\quad 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{i}\left( {1 - {r\quad{c^{2}(i)}}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain before preemphasis addition and${{lpcgain}\quad 2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{l}\left( {1 - {{rc}^{\prime 2}(i)}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain after preemphasis addition, thenthe scaling factor to be used for both MELP gains is${scale} = \frac{{lpcgain}\quad 2}{8*{lpcgain}\quad 1}$

The factor of 8 is included to accommodate the 13 bit input and outputsample scaling in LPC-10 (MELP utilizes 16 bit input and outputsamples). In step 424, both gain values are scaled by the above scalingvalue. The output of step 424 will be referred to as the “scaled MELPgains.”

In step 426, the LPC gain parameter is nominally set to the logarithmicaverage of the two scaled MELP gains. An adaptive combiner algorithm isthen used to preserve plosive sounds by utilizing the LPC-10synthesizer's ability to detect and activate the “impulse doublet”excitation mode. To explain, LPC-10 synthesizers use an “impulsedoublet” excitation mode which preserves plosive sounds like the soundsof the letters ‘b’ and ‘p’. If the LPC synthesizer senses a strongincrease in gain, it produces an impulse doublet. This keeps the ‘b’ and‘p’ sounds from sounding like ‘s’ or ‘f’ sounds.

The algorithm used in step 426 is described as follows. First, the LPCgain parameter is nominally set to the logarithmic average of the twoscaled MELP gains. Next, if it is determined that there is a largeincrease between the first and second half-frame scaled MELP gains, andthe current and last transcoded frames are unvoiced, then the LPC gainparameter is set equal to the second half-frame scaled MELP gain. Thisemulates the adaptively-positioned analysis window used in LPC analysisand preserves LPC-10 synthesizer's ability to detect and activate the“impulse doublet” excitation mode for plosives. In other words, thismethod preserves sharp changes in gain to allow the LPC synthesizer toreproduce the ‘b’ and ‘p’ type sounds effectively.

In step 428, the LPC gain parameter is then quantized and encodedaccording to the quantizer tables for the LPC-10 standard algorithm.

In step 430, the encoded LPC spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gainparameters are inserted into a LPC frame and forward error correction(FEC) coding is added. An output bit stream representing the LPC framesis produced.

4. LPC to TDVC Transcoder

FIG. 5 illustrates a transcoding method 300 for converting a bit streamrepresenting LPC-10 encoded frames to a bit stream representing TDVCencoded frames. In step 502, an incoming bit stream is received. Theincoming bit stream represents LPC-10 frames containing LPC-10parameters. In step 302, forward error correction (FEC) decoding isperformed on the incoming bit stream. The LPC-10 frames are also decodedby extracting the LPC-10 spectrum, pitch, voicing, and gain parametersfrom the LPC-10 frames. The LPC-10 parameters are then distributed tosteps 504, 514, and 526 for conversion to LPC-10 spectrum, voicing, and,gain parameters, respectively (no conversion of pitch is necessary asdescribed below). The method of transcoding from LPC-10 parameters toTDVC parameters can be divided into 2 types of operations: 1) conversionfrom LPC-10 parameters to TDVC parameters, and 2) frame interpolation tosynchronize the different frame sizes. The frame interpolationoperations are performed in steps 508, 516, 520, and 528 forinterpolation of spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters,respectively. In the discussion that follows, the conversion steps willbe discussed first, followed by a discussion of the frame interpolationsteps.

a. Spectrum Conversion

While the LPC-10 analysis algorithm applies preemphasis before spectralanalysis, the TDVC analysis does not, so the TDVC synthesizer expectsspectral coefficients that were extracted from a nominal input signal.Thus, the preemphasis effects must be removed from the LPC spectralparameters.

In step 504, the LPC-10 reflection coefficients (RC) are converted totheir equivalent normalized autocorrelation coefficients (R) using wellknown transformations. In order to avoid truncation effects insubsequent steps, the autocorrelation conversion recursion is carriedout to 50 lags (setting RCs above order 10 to zero). The resultingvalues for the autocorrelation coefficients (R) are stored symmetricallyin a first array.

In step 506, the preemphasis is removed in the correlation domain,described as follows. The symmetrical autocorrelation coefficients (HH)of the deemphasis filter are calculated beforehand and stored in anarray. The deemphasis filter is a single pole IIR filter and isgenerally the inverse of the preemphasis filter, but differentpreemphasis and deemphasis coefficients may be used. The LPC-10 standarduses 0.9375 for preemphasis and 0.75 for deemphasis. Because thedeemphasis filter has IIR characteristics, the autocorrelation functionis carried out to 40 lags. The autocorrelation values (HH) are obtainedby convolving the impulse response of the filter.

A modified set of spectral autocorrelation coefficients is calculatedvia convolving the R values with the HH values:${R^{\prime}(k)} = {\sum\limits_{l}{{R\left( {i + k} \right)}*{{HH}(i)}}}$

The resulting modified autocorrelation coefficients R′ are converted toboth reflection coefficients (RC′) and predictor Filter coefficients(A′). The stability of the synthesis filter formed by the coefficientsis checked; if the filter is unstable, the minimum order stable model isused (e.g. all RC′s up to the unstable coefficient are used for theconversion to A′ coefficients). The RC′ values are saved for use by step524 in calculating the TDVC gain, discussed further below.

The final step in the preemphasis removal process is to convert thedeemphasized predictor filter coefficients (A′) to line spectrumfrequencies (LSF) in preparation for frame interpolation in step 508.Frame interpolation, in step 508, is described in section e. below.

b. Voicing Conversion

In step 514, LPC-10 voicing parameters are converted to TDVC voicingparameters. The TDVC voicing parameter is called the “voicing cutofffrequency parameter” fsel (0=fully unvoiced, 7=fully voiced). The TDVCvoicing cutoff frequency parameter fsel indicates a frequency abovewhich the input frame is judged to contain unvoiced content, and belowwhich the input frame is judged to contain voiced speech. On the otherhand, LPC-10 uses a simple, half-frame on/off voicing bit.

Step 514 takes advantage of the expanded fsel voicing feature of theTDVC synthesizer during transitional periods such as voicing onset. Thefollowing C-code segment illustrates a method of converting LPC-10voicing bits to TDVC voicing cutoff frequency parameter fsel: /*mid-frame onset */ if ((lpc->voice[0]==0) && (lpc->voice[1]==1))   fselnew = 2; /* fully voiced */ else if ((lpc->voice[0]==1) &&(lpc->voice[1])==1))    fselnew = 7; /* full unvoiced and mid-frameunvoiced transition */ else    fselnew = 0;where lpc->voice[0] and lpc->voice[1] are the half-frame LPC voicingbits (0=unvoiced), and fselnew is the TDVC fsel parameter. According tothe TDVC standard, fselnew=0 corresponds to 0 Hz (DC) and fselnew=7corresponds to 4 KHz, with each fselnew value equally spaced 562 Hzapart. The effect of the method illustrated by the above code is thatwhen a mid-frame transition from the LPC unvoiced to voiced stateoccurs, the TDVC voicing output changes in a gradual fashion in thefrequency domain (by setting fsel to an intermediate value of 2). Thisprevents a click sound during voicing onset and thereby reducesperceptual buzziness in the output speech.

c. Pitch Conversion

No conversion is required to convert from the LPC-10 pitch parameter toTDVC pitch parameter, the LPC-10 pitch parameter is simply copied to atemporary register for later interpolation in step 520, described below.

d. Gain (RMS) Conversion

In step 526, an adjustment for preemphasis removal must be made to theLPC gain parameter before it can be used in a TDVC synthesizer. Thispreemphasis removal process is described as follows.

The LPC gain parameter is scaled by the LPC gain ratio. The LPC gainratio is calculated in step 524 for each new frame of data. The LPC gainratio is the ratio of LPC predictor gains derived from the spectrumbefore and after preemphasis removal (deemphasis addition). If${{lpcgain}\quad 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{i}\left( {1 - {r\quad{c^{2}(i)}}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain before preemphasis addition and${{lpcgain}\quad 2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{l}\left( {1 - {r\quad{c^{\prime 2}(i)}}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain after preemphasis addition, thenthe scaling factor (LPC Gain Ratio) to be used for the LPC RMS is${scale} = \frac{8*{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 2}{{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 1}$

This scale factor is the LPC Gain Ratio. The factor of 8 is included toaccommodate the 13 bit input and output sample scaling in LPC-10 (TDVCutilizes 16 bit input and output samples). The scaling performed by step526 is required because the LPC RMS gain is measured from thepreemphasized input signal, while the TDVC gain is measured from thenominal input signal.

e. Frame Interpolation

Because LPC-10 and TDVC use different frame sizes (22.5 and 20 msec,respectively), a frame interpolation operation must be performed. Tokeep time synchronization, 8 frames of LPC parameter data must beconverted to 9 frames of TDVC parameter data. A smooth interpolationfunction is used for this process, based on a master clock counter 510that counts LPC frames on a modulo-8 basis from 0 to 7. At startup, themaster clock counter 510 is initialized at 0. A new frame of LPCparameter data is read for each count; after all interpolationoperations (described below), then “new” LPC parameter data is copiedinto the “old” parameter data area, and the master clock counter 510 isincremented by 1, with modulo 8 addition. The following interpolationweights are used to generate a set of TDVC parameter data from the “new”and “old” transformed LPC data: $\begin{matrix}{{w\quad{old}} = {2.5*\left\lbrack \frac{clock}{20} \right\rbrack}} \\{{w\quad{new}} = {1.0 - {w\quad{old}}}}\end{matrix}$

Note that at startup (clock=0), wold is set to zero, while wnew is setto 1.0. This is consistent with the LPC frame read schedule, as thecontents of the “old” data area are undefined at startup. When themaster clock counter 510 reaches 7, two frames of TDVC data are written.The first frame is obtained by interpolating the “old” and “new”transformed LPC data using the weights given by the equations above. Thesecond frame is obtained by using the “old” transformed LPC data only(the same result as if master clock 510 were set to 8). The master clock510 is then reset to 0 and the process begins again.

The interpolation equations for each TDVC parameter are as follows.Linear interpolation is used for line spectrum frequencies in step 508:lsf(i)=wold*lsfold(i)+wnew*lsfew(i)where lsfnew( ) and lsfold( ) correspond to the “new” and “old” LSF datasets described above. The voicing parameter fsel is also linearlyinterpolated in step 516:fsel=wold*fselold+wnew*fselnewLikewise for the pitch in step 520:TDVCpitch=wold*LPCpitchold+wnew*LPCpitchnewFinally, the gain (RMS) is logarithmically interpolated in step 528.Using the scaled LPC RMS values derived above, the TDVC gain can becomputed using the following C-code segment:TDVCgain=pow(10.0, wold*log 10(LPCscaledRMSold)+wnew*log10(LPCscaledRMSnew));

The interpolated spectrum, voicing, pitch and gain parameters are thenquantized and encoded according to the TDVC standard algorithm in steps512, 528, 522, and 530, respectively. In step 532, the encoded TDVCspectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters are inserted into a TDVCframe and forward error correction (FEC) coding is added. An output bitstream representing the TDVC frames is transmitted.

5. MELP to TDVC Transcoder

FIG. 6 illustrates a transcoding method 600 for converting a bit streamrepresenting MELP encoded frames to a bit stream representing TDVCencoded frames. In step 602, an incoming bit stream is received. Theincoming bit stream represents MELP frames containing MELP parameters.In step 602, forward error correction (FEC) is decoding performed on theincoming bit stream. The MELP frames are also decoded by extracting theMELP spectrum, pitch, voicing, and gain parameters from the MELP frames.The MELP parameters are then distributed to steps 604, 612, 618 and 624for conversion to TDVC spectrum, voicing, pitch and gain parameters,respectively.

The method of transcoding from MELP to TDVC can be divided into 2 typesof operations: 1) conversion from MELP parameters to TDVC parameters,and 2) frame interpolation to synchronize the different frame sizes. Theframe interpolation operations are performed in steps 606, 614, 620, and628 for interpolation of spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters,respectively. In the discussion that follows, the conversion steps willbe discussed first, followed by a discussion of the frame interpolationsteps.

a. Spectrum Conversion

In step 604, the MELP LSFs are scaled to convert to TDVC LSFs. SinceMELP and TDVC both use line spectrum frequencies (LSFs) to transmitspectral information, no conversion is necessary except for amultiplication by a scaling factor of 0.5 (to accommodate conventiondifferences).

b. Voicing Conversion

In step 612, the MELP voicing parameters are converted to TDVC voicingparameters. As described previously, TDVC employs a single voicingcutoff frequency parameter (fsel: 0=fully unvoiced, 7=fully voiced)while MELP uses an overall voicing bit and five bandpass voicingstrengths. The TDVC voicing cutoff frequency parameter fsel (alsoreferred to as the voicing cutoff frequency “flag”) indicates afrequency above which the input frame is judged to contain unvoicedcontent, and below which the input frame is judged to contain voicedspeech. The value of the voicing cutoff flag ranges from 0 forcompletely unvoiced to 7 for completely voiced.

The following C-code segment illustrates a conversion of the MELPvoicing data to the TDVC fsel parameter by selecting a voicing cutofffrequency fsel that most closely matches the upper cutoff frequency ofthe highest frequency voiced band in MELP: if (melp->uv_flag == 1)   fselnew = 0; else {    for (i=4; i>=0; i−−)     if (melp->bpvc[i] ==1.0) break;    r0 = 1000.0*(float)i;    if (r0 == 0.0) r0 = 500.0;    if(r0 < 0.0) r0 = 0.0;    for (i=0; i<=7; i++)     if(abs((int)((float)i*571.4286 − r0)) < 286) break;    fselnew = i;    }where melp->uv_flag is the MELP overall unvoiced flag (0=voiced),melp->bpvc[ ] are the bandpass voicing strengths (0.0 or 1.0, with1.0=voiced), r0 is a temporary floating point variable, and fselnew isthe TDVC fsel parameter.

As illustrated by the above code, the highest voiced frequency band inMELP is first identified. The frequency cutoffs for the MELP frequencybands are located at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 3000 Hz. Thefrequency cutoff of the highest voiced band in MELP is used to choosethe nearest corresponding value of fsel.

c. Pitch Conversion

In step 618, the MELP pitch parameters are converted to TDVC parameter.Since MELP pitch is logarithmically encoded, the TDVC pitch parameter(pitchnew) is obtained by taking an inverse logarithm of the MELP pitchparameter, as illustrated the following equation:pitchnew=10^(MELPpitch)

d. Gain Conversion

In steps 624 and 626, the MELP gain parameters are converted to TDVC.There are 2 logarithmically-encoded half frame MELP gains per frame.These are decoded to linear values and then logarithmically averaged toform a single TDVC gain per frame. (They can also be left in the logdomain for averaging to save computational cycles.) The following C-codesegment performs this function:gainnew=pow(10.0, 0.5*log 10(melp->gain[0])+0.5*log10(melp->gain[1]));where melp->gain[0] and melp->gain[1] are the first and second MELPhalf-frame gains (respectively), gainnew is the “new” gain (describedbelow in the section on frame interpolation), pow( ) is the C librarypower function, and log10 is the C library base-10 logarithm function.

e. Frame Interpolation

Because MELP and TDVC use different frame sizes (22.5 and 20 msec,respectively), an interpolation operation must be performed. To keeptime synchronization, 8 frames of MELP parameter data must be convertedto 9 frames of TDVC parameter data A smooth interpolation function isused for this process, based on a master clock counter 608 that countsMELP frames on a modulo-8 basis from 0 to 7. At startup, the masterclock counter 608 is initialized at 0. A new frame of MELP data is readfor each count; after all interpolation operations (described below),then “new” MELP data is copied into the “old” data area, and the masterclock counter 608 is incremented by 1, with modulo 8 addition and “old”transformed MELP data: $\begin{matrix}{{w\quad{old}} = {2.5*\left\lbrack \frac{clock}{20} \right\rbrack}} \\{{w\quad{new}} = {1.0 - {w\quad{old}}}}\end{matrix}$

Note that at startup (master clock=0), wold is set to zero, while wnewis set to 1.0. This is consistent with the MELP frame read schedule, asthe contents of the “old” data are is undefined at startup. When themaster clock counter 608 reaches 7, two frames of TDVC data are written.The first frame is obtained by interpolating the “old” and “new”transformed MELP data using the weights given by the equations above.The second frame is obtained by using the “old” transformed MELP dataonly (the same result as if clock were set to 8). The master clock 608is then reset to 0 (via the modulo-8 addition) and the process beginsagain.

The interpolation equations for each TDVC parameter are as follows.Linear interpolation is used for line spectrum frequencies in step 606:TDVClsf(i)=wold*lsfold(i)+wnew*lsfnew(i)where lsfnew( ) and lsfold( ) correspond to the “new” and “old” LSF setsdescribed above, The voicing parameter fsel is also linearlyinterpolated in step 614:TDVCfsel=wold*fselold+wnew*fselnewLikewise for the pitch in step 620:TDVCpitch=wold*pitchold+wnew*pitchnewFinally, the gain (RMS) is logarithmically interpolated in step 628.Using the scaled LPC RMS gain values derived above, the TDVC gain can becomputed using the following C-code segment in step 628:TDVCgain=pow(10.0, wold*log 10(gainold)+wnew*log 10(gainnew));

The interpolated spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters may nowbe quantized and encoded according to the TDVC standard algorithms insteps 610, 616, 622, and 630, respectively. In step 632, the encodedTDVC spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters are inserted into aTDVC frame and forward error correction (FEC) coding is added. An outputbit stream representing the TDVC frames is transmitted.

6. TDVC to LPC Transcoder

FIG. 7 illustrates a transcoding method 700 for converting from TDVCencoded frames to LPC-10 encoded frames. The transcoding conversion fromTDVC to LPC-10 consists of 2 operations: 1) conversion from MELPparameters to TDVC parameters, and 2) frame interpolation to synchronizethe different frame sizes.

In step 702, an incoming bit stream is received. The incoming bit streamrepresents TDVC frames containing TDVC parameters. In step 702, forwarderror correction (FEC) decoding is performed on the incoming bit stream.The TDVC frames are also decoded by extracting the TDVC spectrum, pitch,voicing, and gain parameters from the TDVC frames.

a Spectrum Conversion, Part 1 (Step 704)

In step 704, the TDVC line spectrum frequencies (LSFs) are transformedinto predictor filter coefficients (A) using well known transformations.Next, adaptive bandwidth expansion is removed from the TDVC predictorfilter coefficients A. Adaptive bandwidth expansion is used by TDVC butnot by LPC (i.e., adaptive bandwidth expansion is applied during TDVCanalysis but not by LPC analysis). When converting from TDVC to LPC,removing the adaptive bandwidth expansion effects from the spectralcoefficients sharpens up the LPC spectrum and makes the resulting outputsound better. The adaptive bandwidth expansion is removed by thefollowing process:

-   -   1) The original bandwidth expansion parameter gamma is        calculated via:        ${gamma} = {{Min}\left\lbrack {1.0,{\frac{{pitch} - 20}{1000} + 0.98}} \right\rbrack}$        where pitch is the TDVC pitch parameter.    -   2) Next,-the reciprocal of gamma is calculated        (rgamma=1.0/gamma).    -   3) The predictor filter coefficients A are then scaled according        to        a′(i)=(rgamma)¹ a(i)    -   4) The new coefficient set a′(i) is checked for stability. If        they form a stable LPC synthesis filter, then the modified        coefficients a′(i) are used for further processing; if not, the        original coefficients a′(i) are used.    -   5) The selected coefficient set (either a(i) or a′(i)) is then        converted back into LSFs for interpolation using well known        transformations.

b. Frame Interpolation

Because LPC-10 and TDVC use different frame sizes (22.5 and 20 msec,respectively), an interpolation operation must be performed.Interpolation of the spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters isperformed in steps 706, 714, 720, and 724, respectively.

To keep time synchronization, 9 frames of TDVC parameter data must beconverted to 8 frames of LPC parameter data. A smooth interpolationfunction is used for this process, based on a master clock counter 708that counts LPC frames on a modulo-8 basis from 0 to 7. At startup, thecount is initialized to zero. On master clock=0, two sequential TDVCdata frames are read and labeled as “new” and “old”. On subsequentcounts, the “new” frame data is copied into the “old” frame data area,and the next TDVC frame is read into the “new” data area All TDVCparameters are interpolated using the following weighting coefficients:$\begin{matrix}{{w\quad{new}} = {2.5*\left\lbrack \frac{\left( {{clock} + 1} \right)}{22.5} \right\rbrack}} \\{{w\quad{old}} = {1.0 - {w\quad{new}}}}\end{matrix}$

Note that all parameters are interpolated in their TDVC format (e.g.spectrum in LSFs and voicing in fsel units). This produces bettersuperior sound quality output, than if interpolation is performed in theLPC format.

The following adaptive interpolation technique is also used to improveplosive sounds. If a large change is detected in the TDVC parameters, anadjustment is made to the interpolation weighting coefficients.Specifically, 1) if the spectral difference between the “new” and “old”LSF sets is greater than 5 dB and 2) if the absolute difference betweenthe “new” and “old” fsel parameters is greater than or equal to 5, and3) the ratio of the “new” and “old” TDVC gain parameters is greater than10 or less than 0.1, the following adjustment is performed (C-code): if(master_clock <= 3) {   wnew = 0.0;   wold = 1.0; } else {   wnew = 1.0;  wold = 0.0; }

The Interpolation Controller 708 handles this adjustment and changes theweighting coefficients wnew and wold for all four interpolation steps706, 714, 720, and 724. A illustrated by the above code, if master clock708 is at the beginning portion of the interpolation cycle (less than orequal to three) then the LPC output parameters (including spectrum,voicing, pitch and gain) will be fixed to the old LPC output. If theclock is at the end portion of the interpolation cycle (greater thanthree), then the LPC output (spectrum, voicing, pitch and gain) is fixedto the new LPC set This adjustment emulates the adaptively-positionedanalysis window used in LPC analysis and preserves LPC-10 synthesizer'sability to detect and activate the “impulse doublet” excitation mode forplosives. This preserves the sharp difference of plosive sounds andproduces a crisper sound.

c. Spectrum Conversion—Part 2

In step 706, interpolation of the spectral coefficients is performed. Togenerate a single set of LPC spectral coefficients from the “new” and“old” TDVC LSFs, the LSFs are linearly interpolated using the wnew andwold coefficients described above:lsf(i)=wold*lsfold(i)+wnew*lsfew(i)

To complete the conversion of the spectral parameters, in step 708,preemphasis is added. The LPC-10 0.9375 preemphasis coefficient must besuperimposed on the spectrum, since TDVC does not use preemphasis. Thisis performed in the correlation domain via transforming the interpolatedLSFs into predictor coefficients (A) and then transforming the predictorcoefficients into their equivalent normalized autocorrelation (R)coefficients and then employing the following operation:R′(i)=R(i)−0.9375[R(|i−1|)+R(i+1)]+0.9375² R(i)where R′(i) are the preemphasized autocorrelation coefficients. Notethat the input set of R( )s must be computed out to 11 lags to avoidtruncation. The modified autocorrelation coefficients R′(i) are nowtransformed back to predictor coefficients A′(i) for further processing.

In step 710, formant enhancement is performed on the predictor filtercoefficients A′(i). Formant enhancement has been found to improve thequality of the transcoded speech. Two methods of formant enhancement aredescribed in detail in sections 12 and 13 below. Section 12 describes amethod of formant enhancement performed in the correlation domain.Section 13 describes a second method of formant enhancement performed inthe frequency domain. Both formant enhancement methods utilize both thenon-deemphasized filter coefficients (A) and the deemphasized filtercoefficients (A′). Both methods of formant enhancement produce goodresults. Which one is preferable is a subjective determination made bythe listener for the particular application. For the TDVC to LPC-10transcoder, the majority of listeners polled showed a slight preferencefrequency domain method.

After the formant enhancement has been applied, the predictor filtercoefficients A′(i) are converted to reflection coefficients (RCs) bywell known transformations and quantized according to the LPC-10quantizer tables in step 712.

d. Voicing Conversion and Jitter Factor Conversion

Voicing conversion uses the TDVC fsel voicing parameter and the firstreflection coefficient RC. First, in step 714, the TDVC fsel voicingcutoff frequency parameter is linearly interpolated using the wnew andwold coefficients described above:fsel=wold*fselold+wnew*fselnewwhere fselold is the “old” value of fsel, and fselnew is the “new” valueof fsel.

In step 716, the fsel voicing parameter is converted to an LPC voicingparameter. Simply using fsel voicing parameter bit to determine bothhalf frame LPC voicing bits is inadequate. Additional information isrequired for the best perceptual performance. The preferred decisionalgorithm is described by the following C-code segment: if (fsel <= 2)   lpc->voice[0] = lpc->voice[1] = 0; else    lpc->voice[0] =lpc->voice[1] = 1; if ((fsel <= 4) && (rc[0] < 0.0))    lpc->voice[0] =lpc->voice[1] = 0;where lpc->voice[ ] are the half-frame LPC voicing bits (1=voiced), fselis the interpolated TDVC fsel voicing parameter (0=fully unvoiced7=fully voiced), and rc[0] is the first reflection coefficient (computedfrom the spectrum after preemphasis addition in step 708).

As illustrated by the above code, if the TDVC voicing cutoff frequencyparameter fsel is less than or equal to 2, then both LPC half framevoicing bits are set to zero (unvoiced). If fsel is greater than 2, thenboth LPC half frame voicing bits are set to one (voiced). The exceptionoccurs when fsel<=4 and the first reflection coefficient RC′(0) (afterpreemphasis addition) is less than zero. In this case, both LPC halfframe voicing bits are set to zero (unvoiced). This last exception isimplemented to improve the output sound performance. The reason thislast improvement is performed is as follows. The TDVC voicing analysisalgorithm will occasionally set a partially voiced condition (fsel>0 butfsel<=4) when the input signal is actually unvoiced. Unvoiced signalstypically have a spectrum that is increasing in magnitude withfrequency. The first reflection coefficient RC′[0] provides anindication the spectral slope, and when it is negative, the spectralmagnitudes are increasing with frequency. Thus, this value can be usedto correct the error.

Note that this type of voicing error is generally not apparent when aTDVC speech decoder is used, since the signal power from the unvoicedportion of the excitation masks the (incorrect) voiced excitation.However, if the error is propagated into the LPC speech decoder, itresults in a perceptually annoying artifact.

In step 718, pitch and voicing are encoded together using the standardLPC-10 encoding algorithm.

e. Pitch Conversion

In step 720, pitch is converted by linearly interpolating the “new” and“old” values of the TDVC pitch to form a single LPC pitch:LPCpitch=wold*TDVCpitchold+wnew*TDVCpitchnew

In step 718, pitch and voicing are encoded together using the standardLPC-10 quantization algorithm.

f. Gain (RMS) Conversion

The first step in converting the TDVC gain to LPC RMS is tologarithmically interpolate the the “new” and “old” values of the TDVCgain in step 724 (C-code example):LPCrms=pow(10.0, wold*log 10(TDVCgainold)+wnew*log 10(TDVCgainnew));where LPCrms is the intermediate LPC RMS gain, pow( ) is the C-librarypower function and log 10 is the C-library base 10 logarithm function.

In step 728, the gain is scaled to account for the preemphasis additionperformed on the spectral coefficients in step 708. The following stepsare performed to account for preemphasis. First, the intermediate LPCRMS gain value is adjusted by the ratio of the LPC predictor gainsderived from the spectrum before and after preemphasis addition. ThisLPC gain ratio is calculated in step 726 for each new frame of data. If${{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{i}^{\quad}\quad\left( {1 - {{rc}^{2}(i)}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain before preemphasis addition and${{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\prod\limits_{i}^{\quad}\quad\left( {1 - {{rc}^{\prime 2}(i)}} \right)}}$is defined as the synthesis filter gain after preemphasis addition, thenthe scaling factor to be used for the intermediate LPC gain parameter is${scale} = \frac{{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 2}{8*{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 1}$

The factor of 8 is included to accommodate the 13 bit input and outputsample scaling in LPC-10 (TDVC utilizes 16 bit input and outputsamples). This step is required because the LPC gain is measured fromthe preemphasized input signal, while the TDVC gain is measured from thenominal input signal.

Additional quality improvements may be obtained by providing a smallboost factor for unvoiced signals by utilizing a modified scalingfactor:${scale}^{\prime} = {1.2*\left\lbrack \frac{\left( \frac{{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 2}{{lpc}\quad{gain}\quad 1} \right)^{1.2}}{8} \right\rbrack}$

In step 730, the LPC RMS gain is then quantized and encoded according tothe quantizer tables for the LPC-10 algorithm.

In step 732, the encoded LPC-10 spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gainparameters are inserted into a LPC frame and forward error correction(FEC) is added. An output bit stream representing the LPC frames isproduced.

7. TDVC to MELP Transcoder

FIG. 8 illustrates a transcoding method 800 for converting a bit streamrepresenting TDVC encoded frames to a bit stream representing MELPencoded frames. In step 802, an incoming bit stream is received. Theincoming bit stream represents TDVC frames containing TDVC parameters.In step 802, forward error correction (FEC) decoding is performed on theincoming bit stream. The TDVC frames are also decoded by extracting theTDVC spectrum, pitch, voicing, and gain parameters from the TDVC frames.The TDVC parameters are then distributed to steps 604, 612, 618 and 624for conversion to MELP spectrum, voicing, pitch and gain parameters,respectively.

a. Frame Interpolation

The process for converting from TDVC to MELP is shown in FIG. 8. BecauseMELP and TDVC use different frame sizes (22.5 and 20 msec,respectively), an interpolation operation must be performed. To keeptime synchronization, 9 frames of TDVC parameter data must be convertedto 8 frames of LPC parameter data. A smooth interpolation function isused for this process, based on a master clock counter 804 that countsMELP frames on a modulo-8 basis from 0 to 7. On count=0, two sequentialTDVC data frames are read and labeled as “new” and “old”. On subsequentcounts, the “new” frame data is copied into the “old” frame data area,and the next TDVC frame is read into the “new” data area. All TDVCparameters are interpolated using the following weighting coefficients:$\begin{matrix}{{w\quad{new}} = {2.5*\left\lbrack \frac{\left( {{clock} + 1} \right)}{22.5} \right\rbrack}} \\{{w\quad{old}} = {1.0 - {w\quad{new}}}}\end{matrix}$Note that all parameters are interpolated in their TDVC format (e.g.voicing in fsel units). This was found to produce superior output soundperformance.

b. Spectrum Conversion

To generate a single set of MELP LSFs from the “new” and “old” TDVCLSFs, the LSFs are linearly interpolated in step 806 using the wnew andwold coefficients described above:lsf(i)=2.0*[wold*lsfold(i)+wnew*lsfnew(i)]

The scaling factor of 2.0 is included (scaling is performed in step 809)because the MELP scaling convention is different than that of TDVC. Theinterpolated LSFs are then quantized and encoded in step 810 accordingto the MELP standard.

The MELP standard also transmits 10 harmonic amplitude values that areused by the MELP synthesizer for generating voiced speech. U.S. Pat. No.6,098,036 to Zinser et al., “Speech Coding System and Method IncludingSpectral Formant Enhancer,” (incorporated by reference herein) disclosesa spectral formant enhancement algorithm to generate these harmonicamplitudes. The process described in columns 17 and 18 of the abovepatent can be used to generate 10 amplitudes (amp(k), k=1 . . . 10) fromEquation 7 in column 18. Further enhancement may be achieved byutilizing the method described in Grabb, et al., U.S. Pat. No.6,081,777, “Enhancement of Speech Signals Transmitted Over a VocoderChannel” (also incorporated herein by reference) and modifying the firstthree harmonic amplitudes amp(k) according to the values given in FIG. 5and the accompanying equation. This calculation of harmonic amplitudesis performed in step 807.

In step 808, the calculated harmonic amplitudes are encoded by a MELPharmonic amplitude encoder. This method of generating harmonicamplitudes for provision to the MELP synthesizer could also be used withthe LPC-to-MELP transcoder described in section 2, above.

c. Voicing Conversion

Voicing conversion uses the TDVC fsel voicing parameter (fsel=0indicates fully unvoiced speech, while fsel=7 indicates filly voicedspeech). First, the fsel parameter is linearly interpolated in step 812using the wnew and wold coefficients described above:fsel=wold*fselold+wnew*fselnew

Next, the interpolated fsel parameter is converted to the MELP overallvoicing bit and bandpass strengths in step 814 using the C-code segmentbelow: if (fsel == 0)    melp->uv_flag = 1; else    melp->uv_flag = 0;.tmp = nint((float)fsel*571.4286/1000.0); tmp = tmp + 1; if (fsel < 2)tmp = fsel; tmp = tmp − 1; for (i=0; i<=tmp; i++)    melp->bpvc[i] =1.0; for (i=tmp+1; i<=4; i++)    melp->bpvc[i] = 0.0;where fsel is interpolated TDVC fsel voicing parameter, melp->uv_flag isthe MELP overall unvoiced flag (0=voiced), melp->bpvc[ ] are thebandpass voicing strengths (0.0 or 1.0, with 1.0=voiced), nint( ) is thenearest integer function, and tmp is an integer temporary variable. Asillustrated by the above code, all of the MELP bands below the TDVCvoicing cutoff frequency are set to voiced. The overall voicing bit andthe bandpass strengths are then encoded according the MELP standard instep 816.

d. Pitch Conversion

Pitch is converted by linearly interpolating the “new” and “old” valuesof the TDVC pitch to form a single LPC pitch in step 818:MELPpitch=wold*TDVCpitchold+wnew*TDVCpitchnew

In step 820, the logarithm of the pitch is taken. In step 822, theresulting pitch value is then encoded according to the MELP standard.

e. Gain Conversion

The MELP algorithm has the capability to transmit 2 half-frame gains perframe. In step 824, an adaptive dual gain interpolation is performed.This adaptive interpolation is a modification of the wnew/woldinterpolation algorithm described above. The wnew/wold interpolationalgorithm has been modified to generate these two gains by moving thewnew/wold interpolation weights slightly backward in the clock schedulefor the first MELP gain, and slightly forward for the second MELP gain.These modified weights are used for logarithmic interpolation. Thefollowing C-code segment illustrates one way to implement this method:wold = wold + 0.1;   /* back up a bit */ if (wold > 1.0) wold = 1.0;wnew = 1.0 − wold; melp->gain[0] = pow(10.0, wold*log10(0.01 +tdvc->gain[1]) +   wnew*log10(0.01 + tdvc->gain[2])); wold = wold − 0.2;  /* go forward a bit */ if (wold < 0.0) wold = 0.0; wnew = 1.0 − wold;melp->gain[1] = pow(10.0, wold*log10(0.01 + tdvc->gain[1]) +  wnew*log10(0.01 + tdvc->gain[2]));where melp->gain[0] and melp->gain[1] are the first and second MELPhalf-frame gains (respectively), tdvc->gain[1] and tdvc->gain[2] are the“old” and “new” TDVC gains (respectively), pow( ) is the C library powerfunction, and log10 is the C library base-10 logarithm function. Insteps 826 and 828, the two gains are then logarithmically encodedaccording to the MELP standard.

In step 830, the encoded MELP spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gainparameters are inserted into a MELP frame and forward error correction(FEC) coding is added. An output bit stream representing the MELP framesis produced.

8. Compressed Domain Conference Bridge with Multi-Talker Capability

Conference bridging technology has been available for many years tousers of the Public Switched Telecommunications Network (PSTN). Thistechnology enables multiple users in remote locations to participate ingroup discussions. Generally, a conventional bridge uses a summationmatrix that supplies an adaptive combination of the incoming signals toeach conference participant. The adaptive combination algorithm isdesigned to attenuate signals from incoming lines that are not activelycarrying a voice signal. Therefore, only a signal voice will be carriedat any one time in the conventional bridge system.

In both commercial and military applications, it is desirable to haveconference bridge functionality available when using very low rate (2.4kb/sec and below) digital communication channels. Because eachconference participant is allotted a maximum of 2.4 kb/sec, the designand implementation of such a bridge poses several challenges. Most ofthese challenges are caused by the limitations of vocoders operating atlow rates. The major issues are:

-   -   1. Current-generation 2.4 kb/sec vocoders are unable to transmit        multiple talkers simultaneously without near total loss of        intelligibility. This precludes use of the conventional        summation matrix described above.    -   2. Conventional conference bridge designs require decoding the        incoming 2.4 kb/sec bit stream to a speech waveform for        processing (such as speech activity detection). The speech must        then be re-encoded for transmission to the participants. This        encode/decode/encode/decode process is known a tandem connection        and greatly decreases the subjective quality of the speech.    -   3. To be useful, bridge systems must support multiple coding        standards. In most cases, the vocoders are incompatible with        each other (e.g. LPC-10, MELP, TDVC). For this reason, direct        input to output bitstream transfers cannot be used for        interconnection, and the above-mentioned tandem connection is        clearly less-than-optimal.

This present invention includes an architecture for a compressed domainconference bridge that surmounts the problems described above. Centralto the conference bridge structure is the concept of transcoding betweendifferent coding standards, as described in sections 1-7 above. Thecompressed domain bridge of the present invention is designed to be oflow computational complexity in order to keep power consumption as lowas possible. This is especially important for space-based applicationssuch as use on satellites.

The basic idea of the compressed domain conference bridge of the presentinvention is to perform most bridging operations in the compressed(rather than signal) domain. The compressed domain conference bridge isdesigned to provide most of the services available on a conventionalbridge, but maintain full intelligibility for all users (even when thereare multiple simultaneous talkers). In addition, multiple types oflow-rate vocoder algorithms are supported, including a specialhybrid-dual/single talker receiver that will allow a user to hear 2simultaneous talkers over a single 2400 bit/second channel. Thishybrid-dual/single talker receiver is described in detail in section 9,below, and FIG. 10.

a. Parameter Decoding and CDVAD

FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram illustrating a typical compressed domainconference bridge 900. The incoming bit streams from N differentconference participants (users) are first decoded into vocoderparametric model data by respective parameter decoder units 902 (User1's transmission bit stream is decoded by decoder unit 902-1, User 2'stransmission bit stream is decoded by decoder unit 902-2, and so forth).The parameters for each stream are then analyzed to determine whichstream(s) carry an active voice signal by a corresponding CompressedDomain Voice Activity Detector (CDVAD) 904. The Compressed Domain VoiceActivity Detector according to the present invention is described indetail in section 10, below.

CDVAD 904 determines which incoming bit streams contain a real voicesignal; this information is used by Bridge Control Algorithm 950 todetermine which channels contain speech, and thus which channels shouldbe transmitted to the User receivers, as described further below.

b. Frame Interpolation

Because users of the conference bridge may be using different vocoderalgorithms that do not necessarily have the same frame size, frameinterpolators 906 perform frame interpolation. For example, suppose auser with a 20 msec frame size has to be connected to another user witha 22.5 msec frame size. In this case, frame interpolator unit 104converts 9 frames of 20 msec parameter data to 8 frames of 22.5 msecdata. This is accomplished in a smooth, continuous manner by frameinterpolator 906. See the frame interpolation sections in sections 4-7above for a description of this type of interpolation algorithm.

Note that FIG. 9 shows a frame interpolator 906 on the decoding side ofthe conference bridge (i.e. to the left of primary/secondary talker bus910) and a frame interpolator 912 on the encoding side of the conferencebridge (i.e. to the right of primary/secondary talker bus 910). Only oneof these frame interpolators is necessary. Whether to use a frameinterpolator on the encoding side or decoding side of the conference isbridge is a choice based on which location produces the best perceptualquality in the output speech.

c. Bridge Control and Multi-Talker Capability

Bridge control algorithm 950 next determines which incoming channelswill be converted for transmission over the bridge to the receivers.Here we introduce the concept of the primary and secondary talkerchannels. Previous research has shown that during typical voiceconferences, there are rarely more than two participants talking atonce. Consequently, the compressed domain bridge 900 has been designedaround this factor, with the capability to transmit two simultaneoustalkers to participants. This design also yields significant savings incomputational complexity, because a maximum of 2 users per vocoder typemust be encoded for transmission.

A note on the conference participant's equipment is in order here. Thecurrent implementation of the bridge is designed to work with severaldifferent types of vocoders (e.g. LPC-10, MELP, and TDVC), including thehybrid-dual/single talker (D/ST) receiver mentioned above and describedin section 9, below. The D/ST receiver is capable of receiving anddecoding a single talker bitstream (at approximately 2400 b/sec) or adual talker bitstream (2×1200 b/sec), and dynamically switching betweenthe two formats as the call progresses. The switching is accomplishedwithout artifacts or noticeable degradation.

During the course of a conference call, if only one participant isspeaking, then the bridge sends the D/ST receiver a single talkerstream. If two participants are speaking simultaneously, the bridge willsend the D/ST receiver the vocoder parameters for both participants inthe 2×1200 b/sec dual talker format. The reason for designing the systemin this fashion is that the reproduction quality for the 1200 b/secformat is not as good as the 2400 b/sec single talker format. Byswitching dynamically between the two formats, the system cancontinuously provide each user with the highest quality reproductiongiven the input conditions.

Another desirable feature for a conference bridge is the ability toassign priorities to the participants to regulate access toretransmission over the bridge. A participant with a higher prioritywill take precedence over a lower priority user when both are talking atthe same time. To accommodate prioritization and the dual speaker modeof operation described above, the concept of primary and secondarytalker channels has been developed. The talker channels are selectedusing 1) the pre-set priority of each user for retransmission, and 2)which users are actually talking (as indicated by the CDVAD units 904).The bridge control algorithm 950 selects the primary and secondarytalkers using the following algorithm:

-   -   No user talking: highest priority user is primary second highest        priority user is secondary    -   1 user talking: talking user is primary non-talking user with        highest priority is secondary    -   2 users talking: highest priority talking user is primary other        user who is talking is secondary    -   >2 users talking: highest priority talking user is primary        second highest priority talking user is secondary

Note that there are always primary and secondary talker channelsselected, even if there are no users actively talking. This ensures thatthe conference bridge will always function like a normal full-duplextelephone call if there are only 2 users. For calls with more than 2users, all non-talking users on the bridge will receive either theprimary or the combined primary and secondary signals (if they have D/STcapability).

There are a few special rules applying to the selected primary andsecondary talkers. The first rule is that the primary talker's audio isnever transmitted back to his/her receiver. The primary talker willalways receive the secondary talker's audio. In a similar fashion, thesecondary talker will always receive the primary talker's audio. Tominimize potential user confusion, a primary or secondary talker is notallowed to receive a dual-talker bitstream (this would require a thirdtalker path through the bridge if the first 2 rules are applied, andsome participants would be receiving different streams than others).

d. Transcoding

After the primary and secondary talker channels are selected by bridgecontrol algorithm 950, the decoded vocoder parameters for the primaryand secondary talker channels can be loaded into associated parameterstructures for transcoding by transcoders 908. Transcoding is necessarywhen there are users with different vocoder types are participating inthe conference. Some different types of transcoding operations in thecompressed domain are filly described in sections 1-7.

Transcoding is performed by the transcoder 908 in the correspondingprimary talker channel and the transcoder 908 in the correspondingsecondary talker channel. For example, if bridge control algorithm 950determines that user 2 is the primary talker channel, and user 7 is thesecondary talker channel, then transcoder 908-2 performs transcoding ofchannel 2 and transcoder 908-7 performs transcoding of channel 7, iftranscoding is necessary.

Each transcoder 908 can be configured by bridge control algorithm 950 toperform one or more desired transcoding conversions. For example,suppose user 1 is determined to be the primary talker channel, and user1 is transmitting a MELP-encoded bit stream. One of the user receiversconnected to the conference bridge is an LPC receiver, and one userreceiver is a TDVC receiver. Bridge control algorithm 950 thenconfigures transcoder 908-1 to convert user 1's bit stream from MELP toLPC, and from MELP to TDVC. Thus two versions of user 1's bit stream arecreated: one encoded with LPC and one encoded with TDVC. In thisexample, transcoder 908-1 is said to have two “transcoder structures.”One transcoder structure converts MELP to LPC, and the other structureconverts MELP to TDVC.

The maximum number of transcoder structures required for each transcoder908 is dependent on the number of different vocoder types on the systemand whether any users have dual speaker capability. Because of theprimary/secondary talker channel architecture, the number of transcoderstructures is not dependent on the number of users. This feature yieldsa significant memory savings in implementation. The table below givesthe maximum number of transcoder structures, taking into account therules given in the last paragraph. 1 coder 2 coder type in call types incall 3 coder types in call no D/ST users 0 2 3 at least 1 D/ST user 0 24

Because the selection of primary and secondary talkers changes duringthe course of the call, the transcoding operation also changesdynamically. A hash table may be used to keep track of conversionoperations handled by each allocated transcoder structure. Thesestructures have a 1-frame vocoder parameter memory. When theconfiguration changes, the memory must be preserved under certainconditions. If the user who was assigned to secondary talker channel isreassigned to the primary talker channel, the memory from the secondarystructure must be transferred to that of the primary. In a similarfashion, if the primary structure memory must be copied to that of thesecondary if the opposite switch occurs. Finally, if a “new” user isselected for the primary or secondary talker channel, the associatedstructure memory is reinitialized.

e. Dual/Single Talker Encoding

After transcoding, the bit streams from the primary talker and secondarytalker channels are distributed to the receivers via primary/secondarytalker bus 910. The bridge control algorithm 950 checks to see if thereare any valid D/ST users on the system who are eligible to receive adual-talker format. If the dual-talker conditions (described above) aresatisfied, then the eligible users receive both the primary andsecondary talkers in the dual-talker format. If a receiver does not haveD/ST capability, then only the primary talker is received.

For each D/ST eligible receiver, D/ST encoder 914-1 encodes the bitstreams for the primary and second talker channels into a dual-talkerformat. The dual-talker format consists of two 1200 b/sec channels, oneeach for the primary and secondary talker channels. The low bit rate foreach channel is achieved by utilizing three frames of vocoder parameterdata and encoding the most recent two frames at one time. The details ofthis encoding technique is described in section 11, below.

Care must be taken when switching between dual and single talker modes.Because two frames are encoded at a time in dual-talker mode, a switchto single-talker mode cannot occur during every other frame. Additionalconcerns arise when the users assigned to the primary talker channel andsecondary talker channel change. Because there are 2 frames of vocoderparameter memory in the dual-talker encoder, primary/secondary memoryinterchanges or re-initialization must be performed to ensure continuity(as described above in section d).

f. Other Bridge Functions and Notes

The relative loudness of each talker can be adjusted throughmanipulation of the vocoder gain or RMS parameter. Because the gainparameters may represent different quantities for different vocoderalgorithms, they must be compared on an equal basis. Sections 1 through7 above (transcoder descriptions) describe how to convert from one gainformat to another.

A “tone” control function can be applied to emphasize one talker overanother. This can be accomplished through correlation domain convolutionof the spectral prediction coefficients with the desired “tone” shapingfilter. For an example of how this is preformed, see section 2a, above(the preemphasis removal in section 2a is performed by correlationdomain convolution of the spectral prediction coefficients, and the sametechnique can be applied here using a tone shaping filter).

Because the TDVC encoder uses a predictive mode spectral LSF quantizer,special care must be taken when the primary and/or secondary talkers arechanged and when there are dual to single talker transitions. Continuityis preserved with memory interchanges and predictor state resets, asdescribed in sections d and e, above.

9. Hybrid Dual/Single Talker 2400 b/sec Speech Synthesizer

A hybrid dual/single talker 2400 b/sec speech synthesizer, hereafterreferred to as the “dual synthesizer,” produces a digital audio streamby decoding a compressed bit stream that contains, on a fame by framebasis, encoded parameters describing either a single talker's voiceinput or encoded parameters describing two simultaneous talker's voiceinputs. The means by which a dual talker compressed bit stream isgenerated is described in section 11, below. The dual synthesizer isable to decode such dual-talker bit streams and handle transitions fromdual-talker to single-talker modes and vice versa without introducingobjectionable artifacts (audible defects) in the output audio.

For the purposes of description, the dual synthesizer is described belowin the context of TDVC, although the dual synthesizer could use anyother coding standards such as LPC-10 or MELP.

The compressed bit stream that is input to Dual Synthesizer 1000 isdivided into “packets” of two different types: an “S” packet type and a“D” packet type. The two types of packets are structured as follows:S<35 bits> D<48 bits Talker 1><48 bits Talker 2>

‘S’ and ‘D’ represent a one bit tag for either a Single or Dual Talkerpacket. In the context of Single Talker TDVC, a packet contains bitsrepresenting a single 20 ms segment of speech. For Dual Talker mode,however, a packet contains a 48-bit “sub-packet” for each talker thatactually represents two consecutive 20 ms segments of speech.

The dual synthesizer contains two independent TDVC synthesizers(referred to as primary and secondary synthesizers), and is operating ineither Single or Dual Talker mode at any given time. The primarysynthesizer is active for both Single and Dual Talker mode, while thesecondary synthesizer is active only for Dual Talker mode.

The Dual Synthesizer operates according: to the state diagram 1000 shownin FIG. 10. In state diagram 1000, the initial operating mode is assumedto be Single state 1002. As long as ‘S’ packets are received, the DualSynthesizer stays in this mode. When a ‘D’ packet is received, theoperating mode is switched to Dual state 1004. Special processing toaccomplish the transition is described below. As long as ‘D’ packets arereceived, the operating mode is Dual mode 1004. When an ‘S’ packet isreceived, the operating mode switches to “Ringdown” mode 1006 for asmall number of frames, sufficient to let the output of the synthesisfilter for the discontinued talker to ring down. Special transitionprocessing for this transition is also described below.

a. Single to Dual State Transition Processing

It is assumed that the Single Mode talker becomes one of the Dual Modetalkers, as will be the case in the great majority of instances. Becauseno bits are transmitted to identify whether the Single Mode talkerbecomes Dual Mode talker 1 or 2, calculations are performed in order tomake a “best guess” determination. Tracking the Single Mode talker intoDual Mode is desirable so that no unnecessary discontinuities areintroduced into the synthesized speech for this talker.

Line Spectral Frequencies coefficients (LSFs), pitch, and gainparameters for both Dual Mode Talkers are decoded. A similarity measureis computed between the decoded parameters for each Dual Mode talker andthe last set of Single Mode parameters, as illustrated by the followingcode excerpt: sim1 = sim2 = 0.0; d1 = euclidian_distance(singlemode_lsf, talker1_lsf, MM ); d2 = euclidian_distance(singlemode_lsf, talker2_lsf, MM ); sim1 = d1/(d1+d2); sim2 = d2/(d1+d2);sim1 += (float)abs(singlemode_pitch − talker1_pitch)    /(float)(singlemode_pitch + talker1_pitch); sim2 +=(float)abs(singlemode_ipitch − talker2_pitch)    /(float)(singlemode_ipitch + talker2_pitch); d1 =fabs(log(singlemode_gain+20.) − log(talker1_gain+20.)); d2 =fabs(log(singlemode_gain+20.) − log(talker2_gain+20.)); sim1 +=d1/(d1+d2); sim2 += d2/(d1+d2); if ( sim1 > sim2 ) {   /* Single Modetalker has become Dual Mode talker 2 */   swap_synthesizer_states( ); }

In the code excerpt above, sim1 and sim2 are the similarity measures forDual Mode talkers 1 and 2, respectively. When sim1 is the smaller of thetwo, nothing needs to be done, since the Single Mode talker parametersand Dual Mode talker 1 parameters are both processed by the primarysynthesizer. However, when sim2 is smaller, the state of the secondarysynthesizer is copied over that of the primary before any processingtakes place. The secondary synthesizer is reinitialized to a quiescentstate before processing in both cases.

b. Dual to Single State Transition Processing

The procedure for handling the Dual to Single Mode transition is verysimilar to the procedure for the Single to Dual Mode transition. In thiscase, it is assumed that one of the Dual Mode talkers will continue asthe Single Mode talker. Once again, parameters are decoded, andsimilarity measures are computed in precisely the same manner asillustrated above. If it appears that Dual Mode talker 1 has become theSingle Mode talker, then nothing need be done; however if it appearsthat Dual Mode talker 2 has become the Single Mode talker, the state ofthe secondary synthesizer is copied over the state of the primarysynthesizer.

10. Compressed Domain Voice Activity Detector

Voice Activity Detection (VAD) algorithms are integral parts of manydigital voice compression (vocoder) algorithms which are used forcommunication and voice storage applications. The purpose of a VAD is todetect the presence or absence of voice activity in a digital inputsignal. The task is quite simple when the input signal can be guaranteedto contain no background noise, but quite challenging when the inputsignal may include varying types and levels of background noise. Manytypes of VAD have been designed and implemented. Some VAD algorithmsalso attempt to classify the type of speech that is present in a shorttime interval as being either voiced (e.g. a vowel sound, such as longe) or unvoiced (e.g. a fricative, such as ‘sh’). Once the VAD hasclassified an interval of the input signal, the vocoder can tailor itsoperation to the classification. For example, depending on theclassification, a vocoder might encode an input signal interval withmore, less, or even no bits (in the case of silence).

The object of the compressed domain voice activity detector (CDVAD) ofthe present invention as described herein is to perform the VoiceActivity Detection function given a compressed bit stream (produced by avocoder) as input, rather than a time domain waveform. Conventional VADalgorithms operate on a time domain waveform. For an example of aconventional VAD algorithm which operates in the signal domain, seeVahatalo, A., and Johansson, I., “Voice Activity Detection for GSMAdaptive Multi-Rate Codec,” ICASSP 1999, pp. 55-57.

The Compressed Domain VAD (CDVAD) of the present invention decodes thecompressed bit stream only to the level of vocoder parametric modeldata, rather than decoding to a speech waveform. Decoding to vocoderparameters has the advantage of requiring much less computation thandecoding to a speech waveform.

The CDVAD can be used in conjunction with the Compressed DomainConference Bridge 900, described above in section 8. The bridge, and byextension the VAD component, must be of low computational complexity inorder to keep power consumption as low as possible on the satellite. Asdescribed previously, the bridge receives a plurality of compressedvoice bit streams (which need not have been produced by the same type ofvocoder), determines which bit streams contain voice activity, and usedecision logic to select which bit stream(s) to transmit to theconference participants.

The CDVAD disclosed herein incorporates a modern, fairly conventionalVAD algorithm, but adapts it to operate using compressed voiceparameters rather than a time domain speech waveform. The CDVAD can beadapted to operate with compressed bit streams for many differentvocoders including TDVC, MELP and LPC-10.

FIG. 11 depicts a block diagram illustrating a CDVAD method 1100. CDVADmethod 1100 will first be described with respect to a bit streamrepresenting TDVC parameters. Each frame of TDVC parameters represents20 ms segment of speech. In adapting the CDVAD to the other vocodertypes (e.g. LPC and MELP), only minor transformations of their nativeparameter sets are required, as described below.

As shown in FIG. 11, CDVAD 1100 receives 4 types of TDVC parameters asinputs: 1) a set of 10 short term filter coefficients in LSF (LineSpectral Frequency) form, 2) frame gain, 3) TDVC-style voicing cutoffflag, and 4) pitch period. As described previously, the TDVC-stylevoicing cutoff flag 1106 indicates a frequency above which the inputframe is judged to contain unvoiced content, and below which the inputframe is judged to contain voiced speech. The value of the voicingcutoff flag ranges from 0 for completely unvoiced to 7 for completelyvoiced.

To adapt LPC-10's parameters to the CDVAD, three conversions must beperformed. LPC-10's short term filter coefficients are converted fromreflection coefficients to LSFs, the frame gain is scaled to adjust forpre-emphasis and different system scaling conventions, and LPC-10'shalf-frame voicing flags are boolean-OR'ed to make them compatible withthe TDVC-style voicing cutoff flag.

To adapt MELP's parameters to the CDVAD is somewhat easier, because MELP& TDVC both use the LSF representation of short term filtercoefficients. MELP uses two half-frame gains rather than a single framegain value as in TDVC; the larger of MELP's two half-frame gain valuesis used as the overall frame gain by the CDVAD. MELP's band pass voicinginformation is converted to a TDVC-style voicing cutoff flag using asimple mapping similar to the conversion described in section 5b, above(MELP to TDVC transcoder).

The CDVAD operation is based on spectral estimation, periodicitydetection, and frame gain. The basic idea of the CDVAD shown in FIG. 11is to make the VAD decision based on a comparison between input signallevel and a background noise estimate for each of a plurality offrequency bands, while also taking into account overall frame gain,voicing cutoff frequency, and pitch information.

In step 1102, the spectral envelope for a frame is computed from theinput short term filter coefficients (LSFs). From the spectral envelope,signal levels are computed for each of a number of frequency sub-bands.The signal levels are then normalized by both the overall frame gain andthe gain of the short term filter.

In step 1104, a “pitch flag” is set for the current frame only if thepitch has been relatively constant over the current and 2 or moreimmediately preceding frames. In addition, for the pitch parameter to beconsidered valid, the voicing cutoff flag fsel must. be greater than 0(i.e. not fully unvoiced).

In step 1106, the background noise level is estimated for each sub-band.The normalized sub-band levels from step 1102 and intermediate VADdecision for the current frame (produce by step 1108, discussed below)for the current frame are received as inputs to step 1106. Thebackground noise sub-band levels are updated with a weighted sum oftheir current value and the input sub-band levels. However, the weightsfor the summation are varied, depending on several conditions:

-   -   1) If the intermediate VAD decision=1, indicating the probable        presence of speech, the weights are set such that the background        noise sub-band levels can only be updated downwards, to avoid        corruption of the background noise estimate.    -   2) If the last several (e.g. 4) frames' intermediate VAD        decision=0, indicating the probable absence of speech, the        weights are set such that the background noise sub-band levels        update (upwards or downwards) relatively quickly.    -   3) If the VAD decision has been=1 for a large number of frames,        but the input sub-band levels have shown little variation, the        weights are set such that the background noise sub-band levels        update relatively slowly. This case is exercised both at        startup, and when there is an abrupt increase in background        noise levels.

In step 1108, an intermediate VAD decision for the current frame ismade. Given the normalized sub-band levels from step 1102, and thebackground noise estimate from step 1106, a signal to noise ratio iscomputed for each sub-band. The ratios are then summed and comparedagainst an experimentally determined threshold. The threshold is sethigher for high background noise situations, and lower for lowbackground noise situations. If the sum is greater than the threshold,voice activity is detected and the intermediate VAD decision is set=1,otherwise it is set=0. The intermediate VAD decision is provided tosteps 1106 and 1110.

In step 1110, hangover addition is performed. Hangover addition appliessome smoothing to the intermediate VAD decision, to try to ensure thatthe ends of utterances, some of which are quite low amplitude, are notcut off by the VAD. Hangover addition also removes isolated VAD=0decisions from the middle of active speech regions. If a sufficientnumber H₁, of consecutive frames have an intermediate VAD decision=1,hangover is enabled, and the final VAD decision will be held=1 until H₂consecutive frames with intermediate VAD decision=0 are encountered.

11. Low Rate Multi-frame Encoder and Decoder

Described as follows is a method for ultra-low rate encoding anddecoding of the parameters used in predictive-style parametric vocoders(e.g. MELP, LPC, TDVC). Although the method of ultra-low rate encodingdescribed herein produces a degradation in sound quality, it is veryuseful for applications where an ultra-low rate is needed. As describedpreviously, one application for this ultra-low rate encoding method isfor use in a dual-talker system that will allow a user to hear 2simultaneous talkers over a single 2400 bit/second channel (thedual-talker format consists of two 1200 b/sec channels within the 2400b/sec channel).

These encoding and decoding methods are described in the following foursections for pitch, gain, spectrum and voicing parameters. The encodingand decoding methods are described below with respect to the TDVC codingstandard. However, the methods can be applied to any coding standardsusing pitch gain, spectrum and frequency parameters.

a. Pitch Encoding and Decoding

A method of multi-frame pitch encoding and decoding will now bedescribed as illustrated by FIG. 12A. During encoding, every two framesof pitch data are combined into a single frame which is transmitted.When the transmitted frame is received by the decoder, the singlereceived frame is converted back to two frames of pitch data.

The method described below converts two frames of TDVC pitch information(a total of 12 pitch bits) into a single transmitted frame containing apitch value P consisting of one mode bit and six pitch bits. Thus, themethod reduces the number of pitch bits from 12 to 7 (per every two TDVCframes encoded).

At 1202, three frames of data, Frames 0, 1, and 2, are shown prior toencoding. Each frame contains a quantized pitch value which waspreviously generated by an optimal quantizer. During the encodingprocess, the pitch information from Frame 1 and Frame 2 is combined intoa single pitch value P which will be included in the transmitted frameT. In order to determine a value for P, knowledge of the pitch valuefrom the Frame 0, the frame received immediately prior to Frame 1, isrequired.

At 1204, three frames of decoded data are shown: Frames 0′, 1′, and 2′.During the decoding process, Frame T is converted to two frames: Frame1′ and 2′ according to the methods described below.

With regards to the encoding process, the pitch information from Frame 1and the pitch information from Frame 2 are converted to a single pitchvalue P according to two methods: a Mode 0 method, and a Mode 1 method.A distortion value D is then calculated for both the Mode 0 P value, andthe Mode 1 P value, as described further below. The transmitted value ofP which is encoded into the transmitted frame T is determined by whichmode produces the lowest a lowest distortion value D. If Mode 0 producesa lower distortion value D then a Mode 0-encoded frame is transmitted.If Mode 1 produces a lower distortion value D, then a Mode 1-encodedframe is transmitted.

With regards to the decoding process, when the transmitted frame T isreceived by the decoder, the decoder reads the mode bit of the frame todetermine whether the received frame T is a Mode 0-encoded frame or aMode 1-encoded frame. If frame T is a Mode 0-encoded frame, a Mode 0decoding method is used. If frame T is a Mode 1 encoded frame, a Mode 1decoding method is used. The frame T is thereby decoded into two Frames:Frame 1′ and Frame 2′.

The 2 encoding modes and 2 decoding modes are as follows:

Mode 0 encoding: P is set equal to the Frame 1 six-bit pitch value.

Mode 1 encoding: P is set equal to the Frame 2 six-bit pitch value.

Mode 0 decoding: P is used as the six-bit pitch value for both Frame 1′and Frame 2′.

Mode 1 decoding: The pitch value from Frame 0′ is repeated for Frame 1′,and P is used for Frame 2′.

For Mode 0, the distortion value (D₀) is calculated by:D ₀ =|F1−P|+|F2−P|where F1 is the 6-bit quantized pitch value for frame 1, F2 is the 6-bitquantized pitch value for frame 2, and P is the pitch value that istransmitted.

For Mode 0, since P has been set to the value of F1, the distortionequation reduces to:D ₀ =|F2−F1|

For Mode 1, the distortion is:D ₁ =|F1−F0′|since P is set to the value of F2. To select the transmission mode,choose Mode 0 if D₀ is less than D₁; choose Mode 1 otherwise.

Note that if Mode 0 simply chose P to be equal to the F2 six-bit pitchvalue (or, alternatively, to the average of the F1 and F2 six-bit pitchvalues) the same equation for D₀, above, would result. Because P isquantized with the same table as F1 or F2, it is computationally moreefficient to use the individual values of F1 or F2 instead of theaverage.

b. Gain Encoding

The gain encoding algorithm assumes that an optimal, non-uniform scalarquantizer has already been developed for encoding a single frame ofgain. For the purposes of illustration, assume a 5-bit quantizer is inuse. The value of the first frame's gain (Frame 1) is encoded using this5-bit quantizer. For the second frame (Frame 2), a 4-bit customquantizer table is generated. The first 9 output levels for the tableconsist of fixed sparse samples of the 5-bit table (e.g. every 3^(rd)entry in the table). The next seven output levels are delta-referencedfrom the Frame 1 value. Delta referencing refers to quantizing the Frame2 value as an offset in the quantization table from the Frame 1 value.The seven delta values supported are 0, +1, +2, +3, −1, −2, and −3. FIG.12B shows an example of how the quantizer tables for the 5- and 4-bitalgorithms may be constructed.

To select the quantization index for the Frame 2 gain, all entries inthe Frame 2 table are compared to the gain, and the index correspondingto the lowest distortion is transmitted. For example, if the Frame 1gain was quantized to level L18, and the Frame 2 gain is closest invalue to L19, them the D+1 quantization level would be selected forFrame 2. As a second example, suppose the Frame 1 gain was at level L28,but the Frame 2 gain was closest in value to L4. In this case the L3quantization level would be selected Frame 2.

c. Spectrum Encoding

The spectrum is encoded two frames at a time using an interpolativealgorithm such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,880 “SpeechCoding System and Method Including Voicing Cut Off Frequency Analyzer”,which is incorporated herein by reference. The description of thealgorithm begins in column 10, line 32. For this application, a 25 bitMSVQ algorithm is for the non-interpolated frames. A 3 bit interpolationflag is used for the interpolated frames. If a parametric vocoder doesnot use LSFs for spectral quantization, the spectral parameters can beconverted to the LSF format before interpolation.

d. Voicing Encoding

Voicing is encoded by requantizing the TDVC fsel voicing parameter froma 3 bit value (0 to 7) to a 2 bit value with the following mapping:input fsel value transmitted index output fsel value 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 31 2 4 2 5 5 2 5 6 2 5 7 3 7

If the parametric vocoder does not use the TDVC-style voicing parameter(fsel), then the voicing parameter must be converted to TDVC formatfirst.

12. Adaptive Correlation-Domain Zero Overhead Formant Enhancement

The perceptual quality produced by low rate speech coding algorithms canoften be enhanced by attenuating the output speech signal in areas oflow spectral amplitude. This operation is commonly known as formantenhancement. Typically, the formant enhancement function is performed inthe speech decoder. However, it would be desirable to perform thisformant enhancement function using an existing standardized algorithmthat has no built in capability in the decoder.

The formant method described below can dramatically improve thesubjective quality of speech when using an existing standardized speechcoding algorithm with no changes in existing equipment. The followingmethod can be applied in a speech decoder, a speech encoder or atranscoder like the ones described in Sections 1 through 7, above. Theuse of this formant enhancement method requires no extra overhead fortransmission.

-   -   a. The process begins with a set of predictor coefficients a(i)        that represent the all-pole model of the speech spectrum. If the        process is being applied to the specific case of transcoding to        LPC-10 (step 408 of section 3 or step 710 of section 6, above),        then the non-deemphasized predictor coefficients a(i) are used.        A second set of bandwidth-expanded coefficients is generated        according to:        a2(i)=γ¹ a(i)        where γ is the bandwidth expansion factor (approximately 0.4).    -   b. The non-expanded a(i) coefficients and the expanded a2(i)        coefficients are converted to their corresponding normalized        autocorrelation coefficients R(k) and R2(k). In order to avoid        truncation effects in subsequent steps, the autocorrelation        conversion recursion is carried out to 50 lags.    -   c. Next, the two sets of autocorrelation coefficients R(k) and        R2(k) are convolved to produce a set of 10 modified coefficients        R′(k):        ${R^{\prime}(k)} = {\sum\limits_{i}{{R\left( {i + k} \right)}*R\quad 2(i)}}$    -   d. The modified autocorrelation coefficients are then converted        to 10 reflection coefficients RC(i).    -   e. The reflection coefficients are examined to ensure that none        have a value lying outside the range (−1.0, +1.0). If any values        lie outside this range, the minimum order stable model is used        (e.g. all RC( )s up to the first out-of-range coefficient are        retained; the out-of-range coefficient and all others following        are set to zero).    -   f. The resulting RC( ) set is converted back to prediction        coefficients A( ) for quantization and transmission.

A significant benefit of this formant enhancement method is that itproduces a 10^(th) order filter that has formant enhancementcharacteristics similar to the underlying 20^(th) order filter (thatwould have been obtained by simply convolving the two sets of predictorcoefficients). Because there is no change in filter order, there is noadditional overhead involved in transmission.

13. Adaptive Frequency-Domain Zero Overhead Formant Enhancement Method

An adaptive frequency-domain formant enhancement method is describedbelow. As with the correlation-domain method described above in Section12, the following method can dramatically improve the subjective qualityof speech when using an existing standardized speech coding algorithmwith no changes in existing equipment. The method can also be applied ina speech decoder, a speech encoder or transcoder, and requires no extraoverhead for transmission.

-   -   a. The process begins with a set of predictor coefficients a(i)        that represent the all-pole model of the speech spectrum. An        amplitude spectrum H(ω) is extracted from the coefficients        using:        ${H(\omega)} = {\frac{1}{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{m}{{a(i)}{\mathbb{e}}^{\mathbb{i}j\omega}}}}$        where H(ω) is the spectral amplitude at digital frequency        ω(=2πf/8000 for a system with 8 kHz sampling rate), a(i) are the        predictor coefficients, m is the filter order and j is √{square        root over (−1)}□□□ Amplitude values H(w) are computed every 50        Hz from 0-4000 Hz and stored in an array        ampsav(k)=H(2πk50/8000), k=0 . . . 39.    -   b. The set of amplitude values computed in step a are used to        calculate a set of enhancement values amp(k) according to the        method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,036, “Speech Coding        System and Method Including Spectral Formant Enhancer”, column        18 with ω_(o)=2π50/8000 and f_(o)=50.    -   c. Set amp(k)=amp(k)*ampsav(k)    -   d. Compute a set of enhanced autocorrelation coefficients from        the enhanced amplitude set amp(k) using:        ${R(i)} = {\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{39}{{{amp}^{2}(k)}{\cos\left( {{ik}\quad\omega_{0}} \right)}}}$    -   e. The enhanced autocorrelation coefficients are then converted        to 10 reflection coefficients rc(i).    -   f. The reflection coefficients are examined to ensure that none        have a value lying outside the range (−1.0 , +1.0). If any        values lie outside this range, the minimum order stable model is        used (e.g. all rc( )s up to the first out-of-range coefficient        are retained; the out-of-range coefficient and all others        following are set to zero).    -   g. The resulting rc( ) set is converted back to prediction        coefficients for quantization and transmission.    -   h. A significant benefit of this algorithm is that it produces a        10^(th) order filter that has similar formant enhancement        characteristics to those produced using the method of U.S. Pat.        No. 6,098,036. Because there is no requirement to separately        transmit the amplitude values, there is no additional overhead        involved.        14. Conclusion

As described above, the present invention includes a transcoder whichconverts parametric encoded data in the compressed domain. Sixindividual specific transcoder structures and two formant enhancementmethods are described in detail. A Voice Activity Detector whichoperates in the compressed domain is also disclosed. A Dual Talkersynthesizer which uses a method of low-rate encoding is also disclosed.Lastly, a Compressed Domain Conference Bridge is disclosed whichutilizes the compressed domain transcoder, the compressed domain voiceactivity detector, and the dual talker synthesizer.

It should be noted that while the inventions are described with respectto speech coding applications, the inventions and the techniquesdescribed above are not limited to speech coding. More generally, theinventions can be applied to any other type of compressed datatransmission. For example, the transcoders described in sections 1-7could be used to convert any compressed data stream from a firstcompressed format to a second compressed format in the compresseddomain. Additionally, the conference bridge, the voice activitydetector, the dual talker, and the formant enhancement methods could allbe applied to other types of compressed data transmission other thancompressed speech.

Although the systems and methods of the present invention has beendescribed in connection with preferred embodiments, it is not intendedto be limited to the specific form herein. On the contrary, it isintended to cover such alternatives, and equivalents, as can bereasonably included within the spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims.

1. A method for transcoding a bit stream encoded according to a linearpredictive coding (LPC) standard to a bit stream encoded according to amixed-excitation linear prediction (MELP) standard, comprising: decodinga bit stream into a first set of vocoder parameters compatible with theLPC standard; transforming the first set of vocoder parameters into asecond set of vocoder parameters compatible with the MELP standardwithout converting the first set of vocoder parameters to an analog ordigital waveform representation; and encoding the second set of vocoderparameters into a bit stream compatible with the MELP vocoder standard.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transforming includes convertingLPC spectrum, voicing, pitch, and gain parameters to MELP spectrum,voicing, pitch, and gain parameters.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinthe converting of LPC spectrum parameters to MELP spectrum parametersincludes: removing preemphasis effects from LPC spectral coefficients.4. The method of claim 3, wherein the removing of preemphasis effectscomprises: converting LPC reflection coefficients (RC) to theirequivalent normalized autocorrelation coefficients (R); storing theautocorrelation coefficients (R) symmetrically in a first array; andconvolving the first array with a second array storing symmetricalautocorrelation coefficients (HH) of a deemphasis filter, therebyproducing a deemphasized set of autocorrelation coefficient (R′).
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the converting of the LPC reflectioncoefficients (RC) to their equivalent normalized autocorrelationcoefficients (R) is carried out to approximately 50 time lags, and thereflection coefficients (RCs) having an index above the number of LPCspectrum parameters are set to zero.
 6. The method of claim 4, whereinthe deemphasis filter is the inverse of a preemphasis filter applied bythe LPC standard.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the convolving ofthe first array with the second array is performed according to thefollowing equation:${R^{\prime}(k)} = {\sum\limits_{i}{{R\left( {i + k} \right)}*{{{HH}(i)}.}}}$8. The method of claim 4, further comprising: converting thedeemphasized autocorrelation coefficients R′ to deemphasized reflectioncoefficients (RC′) and deemphasized predictor filter coefficients (A′).9. The method of claim 4, further comprising: checking the stability ofa synthesis filter formed by the deemphasized reflection coefficients(RC′), and if the synthesis filter is unstable, using a minimum orderstable model instead of a model represented by the entire set ofdeemphasized reflection coefficients.
 10. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising: converting LPC reflection coefficients (RC) to theirequivalent predictor filter coefficients (A); and storing the predictorfilter coefficients for later use in formant enhancement.
 11. The methodof claim 10, further comprising: performing formant enhancement of thedeemphasized predictor filter coefficients either in the correlationdomain or in the frequency domain to produce formant enhanceddeemphasized predictor filter coefficients (A″).
 12. The method of claim11, wherein formant enhancement is performed in the correlation domainand the formant enhancement process utilizes both the predictor filtercoefficients A and deemphasized predictor filter coefficients A′. 13.The method of claim 11, wherein the formant enhanced predictor filtercoefficients (A″) are converted to MELP line spectrum frequencies(LSFs).
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adaptivelysmoothing the MELP LSFs.
 15. The method of claim 2, further comprisinggenerating a plurality of MELP harmonic amplitudes.
 16. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the converting of LPC voicing parameters to MELPvoicing parameters is performed by one of three methods corresponding tothree different conditions: (a) mid-frame onset (the first LPChalf-frame voicing bit is unvoiced and the second half-frame voicing bitis voiced); (b) fully voiced (both LPC half-frame voicing bits arevoiced); and (c) fully un-voiced and mid-frame unvoiced transition(either both LPC half-frame voicing bits are unvoiced or the first LPChalf-frame is voiced and the second LPC half-frame voicing bit isunvoiced).
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein when (a) mid-frame onsetoccurs, the top two MELP bandpass voicing strengths are set to be zero(unvoiced) to reduce perceptual buzziness in the output speech.
 18. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the converting of LPC pitch parameters toMELP pitch parameters comprises: taking a logarithm of the LPC pitchparameters.
 19. The method of claim 2, wherein the converting of LPCgain parameters to MELP gain parameters comprises: scaling the LPC gainparameters to account for preemphasis removal performed on the LPCspectrum parameters.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprisingcalculating an LPC gain ratio for each frame of LPC parametric datadecoded, wherein the LPC gain ratio is the ratio of an LPC synthesisfilter gain after preemphasis removal to LPC synthesis filter gainbefore preemphasis removal, multiplied by a scaling factor.
 21. Themethod of claim 19, further including: assigning a first MELP half-framegain to be equal to the logarithmic average of the LPC gain parameterfrom the previous frame and the LPC gain parameter from the currentframe; and assigning a second MELP half-frame gain to be equal to theLPC gain parameter for the current frame.
 22. The method of claim 2,further comprising: encoding MELP LSFs, pitch parameters, voicing andjitter parameters, and gain parameters according to a MELP quantizationstandard algorithm.
 23. A method of converting LPC parameters to MELPparameters, comprising: receiving LPC parameters; and transforming theLPC parameters to MELP parameters without converting to a decompressedform.
 24. A transcoder for transcoding a bit stream encoded according toa linear predictive coding (LPC) standard to a bit stream encodedaccording to a mixed-excitation linear prediction (MELP) standard,comprising: a decoder decoding a bit stream into a first set of vocoderparameters compatible with the LPC standard; a conversion unittransforming the first set of vocoder parameters into a second set ofvocoder parameters compatible with the MELP standard without convertingthe first set of vocoder parameters to an analog or digital waveformrepresentation; and an encoder encoding the second set of vocoderparameters into a bit stream compatible with the MELP vocoder standard.